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- ItemTHE USE OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA) SEEDS AND DATES (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA) SEEDS AS COAGULANTS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT(2019)The use of chemicals in water treatment comes with some challenges including cost and environmental concerns. This has necessitated the need for alternative means of treatment that is relatively cheap and environmentally friendly. This research was aimed at studying the possibility of combining Mangifera indica and Phoenix dactylifera seeds powder as coagulants in wastewater treatment. The seeds were characterized for their composition, active compounds and proximate constituents using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Jar test was carried out using the seeds extracts separately and in combination at varying dosages and the Electrical Conductivity EC, Total Dissolved Solids TDS, Chemical Oxygen Demand COD, Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD, Turbidity, temperature, pH, and total coliform were measured with every varying dosage. Isothermal studies using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were carried out, and kinetic behavior for the removal of BOD using the seed powders over certain concentration ranges was studied using the Pseudo-first and second order kinetic models. The sludge from the Jar test experiment was analyzed for its total nitrogen, organic carbon, organic matter, total volatile solids, and carbon nitrogen ratio. The Mangifera indica removed 89 % turbidity, 96 % BOD, 84 % COD and 99 % total coliform of the wastewater, while Phoenix dactylifera removed 75 % turbidity, 85 % BOD, 78 % COD and 88 % total coliform of the wastewater. Their combination removed 96 % turbidity, 96 % BOD, 87 % COD and 98 % total coliform of the wastewater. The experiment was observed to fit the Freundlich isotherm model based on the Freundlich constants and the coefficient of determination, R2. The experiment was observed to have followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model as indicated by the K2, R2, and Error analyses carried out on the experimental data. The study has shown that Mangifera indica seed and Phoenix dactylifera seed powders can be used as viable coagulants for water and wastewater treatment using adsorption and charge neutralization
- ItemSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF REACTIVE DYES FROM QUINAZOLINONE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR COLOUR ASSESSMENT ON COTTON FABRIC(2021)A series of monoazo reactive dyes with quinazolinone moiety were synthesised starting with the synthesis of 6,7-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one from 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid and fusing with different di-amino compounds to give dye intermediates A, B and C; 3-(4-aminophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (A), 4-amino-4'-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-disulfonic acid (B), and 3-(4-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (C) which were diazotised at 0-5℃, followed by azo coupling with cyanurated H-acid, gamma acid and J-acid as coupling components. All the reactive dyes and intermediates were characterised by their percentage yield, UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and GC-MS techniques. The UV-visible spectrophotometric investigation of the synthesised dyes was carried out in DMF, methanol and water with different dielectric constants to obtain the absorption maxima, molar extinction coefficients and solvatochromic effects of the dyes. The synthesised reactive dyes were applied on cotton fabric 2% shade with a liquor ratio of 50:1 and the percentage exhaustion and fixation of the dyes were found to be reasonably good and acceptable in the range 82 – 91% and 66 – 78%, respectively. The dyeings of all the dyes on cotton fabric gave moderate to good light fastness (3-4), good to very good wash fastness (3-4) and fair to very good fastness to perspiration (2-4). The dyes gave colours ranging from purple, red to pink shades, with a good degree of levelness. This indicates that the dyes were covalently bonded to the fabric.
- ItemSTUDIES ON EFFECTS OF CHANGE IN MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF TWO PADDY RICE (Oriza sativa L) VARIETIES GROWN IN NIGERIA(2021)The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of change in moisture content on some selected physical, mechanical and quality properties of Faro 44 and Jamila varieties of paddy rice. The selected Physical properties were Bulk Density (BD), Angle of Repose (AR), Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD), Mechanical properties include Grain Hardness (GH) and Rupture Force (RF) while the Quality properties include Milling Recovery (MR) and Head Rice Ratio (HRR). The experiment was carried out at three different moisture contents levels of 16 %, 14 % and 12 %. The experiments were conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at two levels of varieties and three levels of moisture contents. Duncan multiple Range Test and Student Neuman Keuls Test were used to further the grouping and analyze the significant variables. The results shows that the range of values for the bulk density, angle of repose and geometric mean diameter are 530-573 kgm-3, 31.00-32.00 and 3.618-3.786mm, respectively. It was observed that effect of variety is not significant on bulk density. However the effect of moisture content is significant at 5 % level. The effect of interaction of variables is not significant on angle of repose but is significant on the geometric mean diameter. The highest mean Bulk Density of 573kgm-3 was obtained from FARO 44 variety at moisture content of 16%. While the least BD (530Kgm-3) was obtained from Jamila at 14 % moisture content. The highest AR (32o) was obtained at the combination of FARO 44 and moisture content of 16% and 14% respectively. While the least AR of 30o was obtained from Jamila Varieties at 12 % moisture content.. The highest GMD was obtained as 3.78 mm at 16% M.C. while the least GMD was obtained as 3.69 mm at 12 % M.C. It was found that the mean values of grain hardness and rupture force are 36.27-45.07N and 48.92-73.07N, respectively. It was also observed that the effect of all the variables and their interactions on GH and RF are highly significant. The highest GH was obtained as 41.16N for jamila variety and the least GH was obtained as 37.49N for Faro 44 variety. The highest RF (67.80N) was obtained from Jamila variety. While the least RF (57.69N) was obtained from FARO 44 variety. It could be seen that the range of mean values for milling recovery and head rice ratio are 70.15 – 72.87 % and 84.24 – 87.49 % respectively. It was found that the effect of variety on milling recovery is highly significant where as it is not significant on head rice ratio. The effects of interactions on the mean values of both the milling recovery and the head rice ratio are not significant. The highest value of MR (72.87%) was at the interaction of variety and moisture content of 14% which was obtained from Jamila variety. While the least MR (70.15%) was from the interaction of FARO 44 at 12% moisture content. The highest value of HRR (87.49%) was obtained from FARO 44 at 16% moisture content. While the least HRR (84.23%) was obtained in Jamila at 12% moisture content. Jamila paddy rice variety has the highest milling recovery while Faro 44 has the highest head rice ratio. All the varieties has the potentials to compete globally in terms of better rice quality considering the IRRI (2021), World potentials yield milling recovery and head rice ratio of 68-72% and the 80.55 % respectively. It can be concluded that the change in moisture content affect physical, mechanical and quality properties of the selected paddy rice varieties, and also the variety difference influences milling recovery and head rice ratio.
- ItemINVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION IN SELECTED LOCATIONS IN SABON -GARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE(2021)Environmental noise pollution is an indicator of environmental degradation and its impacts in the sub-urban areas on the sustainability of life is an emerging concern. This has spurred this study on investigation of environmental noise pollution in 54 purposeful selected study points in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna state. The noise measurement was carried out in commercial areas, selected busy streets, major intersections, and mixed residential areas. Extech Noise meter model 407750 for sound measurement and Geographical Information System (inverse distance weighted) were used for the spatial interpolation. The population was estimated and three hundred and eighty-five structured questionnaires were estimated and administered by purposeful random sampling. About 358 questionnaires were retrieved. SPSS and Excel statistical software were used for the analysis. The LDAY (LD), LEvening (LE), LNigth (LN) and (LDEN) were compared with WHO and NESREA specification respectively. For the LD, 100 % of all the surveyed sites exceeded the WHO standard and 94.4 % exceeded the NESREA standard which range from 67.6 dB (A) at Ijaw Street to 93 dB (A) at Kwangila intersection site one. For the LE, 100 % of the surveyed sites exceeded the WHO specifications and 90.7 % exceeded the NESREA specifications which range from 67.8 dB (A) at Hanwa residential area to 92.7 dB (A) at Kwangila site three. for the Lnight, 100 % of the surveyed sites exceeded the WHO standard and 83.3 % of the sites exceeded the NESREA specifications ranging from 63.3 dB (A) Dogorawa residential area to 92.1 dB (A) at Kwangila intersection site one. for the LDEN, all the surveyed sites exceeded the WHO specifications and 83.3 % of the sites exceeded the NESREA specifications which range from 73.1 dB (A) at Hanwa/ Graceland residential areas to 98.0 dB (A) at Kwangila site (1). The L10 range from 68.1 dB (A) at Graceland residential to 95.1 dB (A). The L90 range from 43.8 dB (A) at Graceland residential areas to 81.6 at Kwangila intersection site one. The Traffic Noise Index (TNI) range from 57.8 dB (A) at Hanwa/Pensioners residential area to 122.1 dB (A) at park road about 96.3 % of the surveyed sites exceeded the 74 dB (A) compared standard. The Noise pollution level (LNP) range from 78.1 dB (A) at Hanwa MTN generator to 123.0 dB (A) at Aminu Road and exceeded the compared standard of 72 dB (A) in all the sites. There was a significant difference between LD and LN, LE and LN, L10 and L90, TNI and LNP as P< 0.05 exception of LD and LE where P>0.05 with the confident level of 95 %. On the perception responses, about 90.2 % representing 323 of the respondents have awareness on various aspect of environmental noise. There was a significant response on the sources of noise and their severity as traffic noise, generator and commercial activities were ranked in descending order of severity using the Likert scale. There was a significant awareness of the various effects of noise pollution as hearing impairment, annoyance, stress, distraction and aggressiveness were ranked in descending order based on the Likert scale. About 61.7 % representing 221 of the respondents complained about environmental noise. About 72.2 % representing 258 of the respondents had done nothing in mitigating noise. About 91.1 % representing 326 of the respondents want the government to take more proactive actions in mitigating and punishing those who indiscriminately degrade the environments with noise pollution. The noise Index, Parameters, and Percentiles were exceeded in most of the surveyed sites. Therefore, a determined effort by concerned government agencies, non-government, institutions, well-wishers in creating necessary awareness to the expose population, planting of trees with large foliage, constant environmental sound monitoring, strategic urban planning, and wearing safety wears would serve as a deserving mitigating measure.
- ItemEVALUATION OF PITCHER IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa) CROP IN SAMARU, NIGERIA(2021)Pitchers, in their simplest form, consist of unglazed baked earthen pots, which are buried to their neck in the soil and filled with water, directly feeding the roots of the plants with a steady supply of moisture. Pitcher irrigation system is one of the most efficient traditional irrigation systems. Water seeps out of a buried pitcher due to the pressure head gradient across the walls of the pitchers directly into the root zone of the irrigated crop. The pressure gradient results from positive pressure head inside the pitcher and negative pressure head on the outer surface of the pitcher which is in contact with the soil. The experiment was conducted to determine ways of reducing the volume of water use in crop production in the study area. Two sets of pitchers, one set 10mm thick (six in number, replicated three times) and the other set 15mm thick (six in number, replicated three times) were constructed, with each pitcher having a varying proportions of sand or sand and sawdust incorporated into the clay during construction, to enhance the release of moisture into the surrounding soil, and each pitcher also serves as a treatment in the experiment. All the pitchers have a depth of 24cm and an internal diameter of 28cm. The capacity of the pitchers is approximately 12 litres (12,000cm3). Results from the experiment show that, the amount of water released by the 1.0cm thick pitchers (6.75a) is significantly higher than the amount of water released by the 1.5cm thick pitchers (5.81b). Pitcher composition also played a significant role in the release of moisture to the crops, where pitchers with 70% clay, 25% sand and 5% sawdust (T11/T12) releases significantly higher volume of water (7.68b) than all the other pitcher compositions. Significantly higher yield was produced by treatments T11/T12 (134.32a) over the other treatments. While, significantly lower crop yield was recorded in treatments T1/T2 (88.48b). The average total volume of water used to produce lettuce crop in the experiment is 1,739.4m3/ha and the average yield recorded was 13,843kg/ha. The volume of water use to produce lettuce crop in the experiment is much less than the volume of water use in producing the same crop using both micro sprinkler (2,227m3 /ha) and drip (1,782m3/ha) irrigation systems. The average yield recorded in the experiment is less than that obtained in both micro sprinkler (21,700kg/ha) and drip (18,150kg/ha) irrigation systems. This is as a result of the challenges faced during the conduct of the experiment. Extension and agricultural research institutions should work closely with the farming community in order to identify develop and smoothly promote a range of locally appropriate technological options, such as the clay pitcher irrigation system.