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- ItemSEROLOGICAL AND PCR DETECTION OF CYTOMEGALO VIRUS INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING SOME HOSPITALS IN LOKOJA KOGI STATE, NIGERIA(2022-11)Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common virusesthat causes congenital defects in babies from infected mothers. Most cases of congenital defects are asymptomatic at birth but can lead to sensoneural hearing loss (SNHL) and neurodevelopmental delay which can appear later in childhood. This study was conducted to determine the cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Kogi State Specialist Hospital (KSSH) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria. A total of 184 serum samples were collected and analyzed using CMV IgM ELISA kit Diagnostic Automation, INC (USA).The study revealed that 40 out of the 184 samples turned out positive for CMV IgM antibodies giving a prevalence of 21.7% while the negative sample result had a prevalence of 78.3%.From the forty (40) positive samples, seven (7) samples were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction but it turned out negative. Although PCR is a very sensitive and reliable method for detecting the organism (CMV) it was discovered that peripheral blood leukocytes is a better medium of choice to use as against plasma which was used for the research. Based on the research, there was no significant association between socio-demographic factors such as marital status, type of marriage, occupation and scarification and the infection. This could be due to the limited number in sample size. Other socio economic factors such as education had a significant p value of 0.035 with the infection. In addition, the pregnant women who had deformed babies, do not practice hand wash and were not transfused had a significant difference with the infection (p= 0.046, 0.027 and 0.003 respectively).It is advised that screening and sensitization of CMV for pregnant women when they come for ante-natal classes be done in order to reduce the risk of congenital birth defects among infants.
- ItemPOST-REMEDIATION ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM, CHROMIUM AND LEAD IN SOIL, WATER, PLANTS AND FISH IN BAGEGA LAKE, ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA(2022-02)Bagega community of Zamfara State, Nigeria had Lead poisoning in 2010, many lives were affected and remediation exercise was done in 2013. This study assess the post-remediation concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Chromium Water, Soil, Plant and Fish samples collected from Bagega Lake and its environment during the dry season (February 2020), from remediated and unremediated sites around Bagega Lake. Agilent 4210 MP-AES machine was used to analyse the metal concentrations after digestion using the Advanced Microwave Digestion System model (Ethos easy) milestone connect company in Centre for Dryland Agriculture (CDA) Bayero University Kano. The data generated were described statistically using the ggplots2 package of R statistical analysis software. Statistical analysis was performed at 5% significant level using the R statistical analysis program version 3.6.3 for macOS Big Sur. Results show that mean concentrations of Lead (0.78mg/l) and Chromium (0.43mg/l) in the water were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (Pb 0.01mg/l and Cr 0.1mg/l respectively) while Cadmium (Cd) that was below detection limits. However, Pb had its highest concentration in sediments (3.18mg/kg) and Cr had higher concentration (4.39mg/kg) in soil from remediated site while Cd was highest (0.07mg/kg) but were all within W.H.O., (Pb 200mg/kg, Cr 11mg/kg and Cd 0.43mg/kg) permissible limits. Lead (Pb) concentration in parts of fish (gills 0.09mg/kg) was higher than in others 0.03mg/kg (flesh and liver). Plant species metals recorded were within the World Health Organization (Cd 0.2mg/kg, Cr 1.3mg/kg and Pb 0.3mg/kg) permissible limits. More so, the BAFs in all fish parts as well as plant species sampled revealed no probability of accumulation. Appropriate measures on Bagega Lake Zamfara-State, Nigeria should be taken to avoid any re-occurrence of the hazardous pollution in future
- ItemANALYSIS OF MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTERS IN ZARIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA(2022-05)Healthcare services are aimed at improving a healthy environment and wellbeing and preventing potential human health risks and environmental hazards. In the course of doing this wastes generated could really be harmful. Lack of proper management of these medical wastes exposes the health workers, patients, waste handlers and the general public to health risks. Thus, this study focused on the assessment of medical wastes management practices at Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State. A set of questionnaire was administered to all the waste handlers in the PHC amounting to a total of 44 copies. The common types of medical waste as collected include; food debris, sharps, dressing swaps, body fluids. Group A (Non- Risk Medical Waste) were found to be the most common across the PHCs. The group A consists of waste material such as packaging; food debris etc and they were prevalent as a result of activities of patients, visitors and also the health care workers. Furthermore, intravenous set needles and broken vials were classified as B2, Swabs, body fluids and bandages (C1), spilt medicine and disinfectant (B3), Packaging, food scraps and papers A1 all of these were found in inpatient wards. Similarly, medical waste material found in outpatient wards were categorize as waste paper, food debris (A1), Hand gloves and swabs. For outpatient wards (C1), hand gloves and swabs including needles and syringes (B2) all of which are non risk medical waste. That of labor ward is as follows; needles, scalpel and blades (B2) and can be classified as risk medical waste. In the laboratory sharps and needles (B2) are common waste found and are risk medical wastes. Then in pharmacy unit, most commonly found medical waste are packing, papers and empty containers (A1) which can be classified as non risk medical wastes. Waste generated in all the PHCs was categorized according to the UNEP/WHO classification. The results show that among the PHCs, Gyallesu PHC had the highest recorded waste generation of 399.8kg/week. With regards to the difference in amount of wastes among the PHCs, statistical test of ANOVA indicated the difference in amount of waste among the PHCs at p ≤ 0.05 significant levels. Therefore, the amount of waste generated among the PHCs is statistically significant. Similarly, on waste collection, the finding also revealed that Anguwan Fatika, Anguwan Alkali and Babban Dodo had the highest (100%) who confirmed that they have available storage equipment. With regards to color coding of waste collection, the study showed that Kake, T/wada, Panmadina, Durumin mai Garke, Babban Dodo and Tukur-Tukur (10.5%) had the highest respondents confirming the availability of colour coding in their PHCs respectively. In addition to the findings of this study, majority (68%) of the respondents confirmed segregating sharp or infectious waste in the PHCs is being practiced in their PHCs. On the issue of waste disposal, the study revealed that, Dambo and Tukur-Tukur had the highest number of respondents (9.0%) that confirmed dumping of waste outside their PHCs. Again, the highest number (59%) of the PHCs practice incineration method of waste disposal while respondents (13.7%) confirmed that burying of medical waste is being practiced in the PHC. Tukur-Tukur had the highest number (80%) that carry out chemical disinfection of waste as a practice. In the same vein, respondents at Kake, Dambo, Anguwan Fatika, and Durumin mai Garke confirmed that transportation of medical waste is commonly done by wheel barrow. All the PHCs were facing challenges of medical waste management and the highest challenges faced in the following PHCs; Panmadina, Anguwan Liman and Tukur-Tukur were the problem of no equipment for collection and disposal of wastes which accounted for (33.3%) respectively. It was recommended that management of the PHCs should endeavor to provide adequate medical waste facilities as well as training of waste handlers in order to achieve optimum results. It is advisable to bury infectious waste. This however, means that PHCs that exposed their waste are posing threat to the environment and the public so the PHCs should desist from doing that.
- ItemA STUDY ON NON LINEAR CONVECTION IN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOWS WITH EITHER SORET OR DUFOUR EFFECT(2023-03)In this study, fully developed steady nonlinear free convection heat and mass transfer flow near a vertical moving porous plate with chemical reaction, in the presence of Dufour and Soret effectshave been analytically investigated, by taking into consideration the nonlinear convection parameter. The dimensionless momentum, temperature and concentration equations for the present physical situation arepresented under relevant boundary conditions and solved exactly in terms of exponential functions. The effect of various flow parameters entering into the problem such as nonlinear density variation with temperature parameter, nonlinear density variation with concentration parameter, Soret effect, Dufoureffect, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, chemical reaction parameter and sustentation parameter are discussed with the aid of line graphs, contours and tables. The analysis of the result shows that the velocity and skin-friction have higher values in case of nonlinear variation of density with temperature and concentration in comparison to linear variation of density with temperature and concentration. It has beenobserved that the velocity and skin-friction increase withincrease in Soret and Dufour parameters.
- ItemASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF MULTIPLE STAKEHOLDERS IN SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ZARIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE NIGERIA(2025-04)The effort of stakeholders which have not been previously investigated is a gap in knowledge which forms the bases for the study. The study therefore assessed the role of multiple stakeholders in municipal solid waste management in Zaria Local Government Area .Specific objectives of the include; examine stakeholder‘s roles in sustainable municipal solid waste management, examine the sustainable municipal solid waste management strategies, analyze the benefits of sustainable MSW management and assess the capacity of waste management agencies and institutions approach in sustainable MSW management in the study area. Data collection was through purposive sampling technique for both the community and the other stakeholders. Chi- square and correlation analysis were employed for the analysis. Majority (60.8%) of the community do participate in solid waste management at household level. Also, separation of recyclable waste and organic waste (50.5%), and enlightening others around to dispose waste timely and properly are means of participation. The other stakeholders mentioned waste collection & disposal (33.4%), scavenging operation, awarding of waste management contract (8.3%) and joint supervision of waste management activities (25%) as their role in the area. The study identified reuse (78.4%), selling of waste for recycling (51.5%) and burning of waste for manure as the major waste management strategies in the area. The community mentioned reduction of environmental pollution (59.7%) and environmental clean less as the major benefit of sustainable MSW management. Less awareness (41.3%) and poor cooperation (51.5%) are the major causes of poor MSW management. Environmental pollution (47.4%), disease outbreak (36.1%) and ground water contamination are the major implication of poor MSW management. The result of the chi- square and Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there is significant relationship between the stakeholders‘ capacity (staff and equipment or facilities) used and management of waste in the area with value 0.005 but the degree of association or relationship is weak(0.042) and moderate(0.067) of Pearson R value of staff and facilities. The study concluded that multiple stakeholder‘s role is significant on MSW management in the area. However, stakeholders need to improve their capacity (staff and facilities) to insure effective waste management. The study recommended that community should be enlightened on solid waste management practice such as reusing and selling of usable recyclables items to reduce waste generation at household level.Kaduna Environmental Protection Agency should provide more designated collection points in the study area to reduce improper dumping of waste.