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- ItemDIGIT RATIO (2D:4D), SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, ANTHROPOMETRIC AND ADIPOSITY MARKERS OF MILITARY PERSONNELS IN JAJI, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA(2025-05)Physical characteristics and body composition have been known to be fundamental to excellence and performance. However, comprehensive studies to assess anthropometry, body composition parameters and aggression across military men in Nigeria are generally scanty. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D and anthropometric variables, body composition and aggression amongst military personnel in Jaji, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total number of 402 apparently healthy military men of the Nigerian army in Jaji cantonment (officers n=189 and soldiers n=213) were randomly selected and recruited for the study. All anthropometric measurements were done according to the protocol of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry and body composition variables were computed. Aggression was assessed with the use of aggression questionnaire. Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test followed by pair wise comparison with the Bonferronni corrections, discriminant function analysis and Spearman’s correlation were used and P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance. The soldiers had significantly higher mean values for R2D, R2D:4D physical aggression and fat mass compared with the officers (P<0.05) while the officers on the other hand had significantly higher values for bicep skin fold thickness and fat free mass index (P<0.05). However, other anthropometric, body composition and aggression parameters did not differ significantly between the soldiers and officers (P>0.05). The anthropometric and body composition parameters showed significant changes based on the length of stay of military men in service (P<0.05). With regards to the effect of cigarette smoking, non-cigarette smokers had significantly higher mean values for height, weight skin fold thicknesses compared with smokers (P<0.05) while smokers on the other hand had higher values for R2D and L2D:4D (P<0.05). Body composition and aggression parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers (P>0.05). Similarly on the influence of alcohol consumption, alcohol drinkers had significantly higher mean values for body mass index, mid upper arm circumference and aggression parameters compared with non-alcohol drinker (P<0.05). However, body composition parameters did not differ significantly between alcohol and non-alcohol drinkers (P>0.05). Furthermore, the discriminant function analysis proved effective in the identification of military cadres with overall accuracy being 59.5%, in 62% of soldiers and 56.6% of officers were correctly classified. Lastly, 2D:4D showed significant correlations with physical aggression, verbal aggression, total aggression, anger, waist circumference, waist-hip-ratio, body fat%, fat free mass, biceps and subscapular skinfolds in the soldiers while in the officers body composition and aggression parameters did not show significant correlations with 2D:4D. In conclusion, the relationship between 2D:4D and some anthropometric, body composition and aggression parameters have been established. Length of stay of military men in service, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption showed varying effects on the anthropometric parameters, body composition and aggression components. The study also revealed that some anthropometric and body composition variables gave a moderate to good (59.5%) military cadre discrimination accuracy, which emphasizes its utility as an adjunct for screening military men in the Jaji Military Cantonment, Kaduna, Nigeria. Future studies can compare various military cantonments across the country using a larger sample size and ensure gender sensitivity in their design.
- ItemSEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF FEMALE WISTAR RATS TREATED WITH HYDROMETHANOLIC FRUIT PULP EXTRACT OF Azanza garckeana F. Hoffm.(2023-07)Sexual dysfunction has been estimated to affect 40% of females worldwide. Ripened fruits of Azanza garckeana are consumed traditionally as an aphrodisiac without proper scientific investigation. This work was aimed at evaluating the sexual behavior of female Wistar rats treated with hydromethanolic fruit pulp extract of Azanza garckeana F. Hoffm. Azanza garckeana fruit was gotten from Kaltungo local government of Gombe state. The fruit pulp was air dried after removal of the seeds and pulverized. The pulverized sample was macerated in 70% methanol and 30% water for 72hrs, and then filtered. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness to obtain the extract. Twenty-five female Wistar rats and five (5) male Wistar rats were used for the study, the female animals were randomly divided into 5 groups (n= 5): Group I served as normal negative control and received 1ml/kg distilled water, group II served as positive control and received 100 μg estradiol valerate and 50 μg progesterone 48 hr and 5 hr respectively before sexual behavioural test, while group III, IV and V received 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the Azanza garckeana extract respectively for 14 days orally before the sexual behavior test. Sexual behavioral tests were performed with sexually experienced male rats 1:1 after the treatment period in a unilevel pacing chamber and the process videotaped for proper scoring. Proceptive behaviors and Lordosis was extrapolated as index for the level of proceptivity and receptivity respectively in the female animals. At the end of the experiment, the rats were anaesthetized with combined doses of ketamine and diazepam injection (50mg/kg/10mg/kg i.p). Blood sample was collected via cardiac puncture for hormonal assays which were done using ELISA kit for estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The ovaries and uterus were dissected out and fixed in 10% formalin for histological examination. The result showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in proceptivity and receptivity in the treatment (III, IV & V) and positive control (II) groups when compared with the negative control (I) group, indicating enhanced sexual behaviour. The hormonal assay results revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in the serum estrogen (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in serum progesterone in the extract treated groups except at 500 mg/kg dose where it was significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared to all groups. There was significant decrease in testosterone when compared to negative control in the extract treated groups and positive control. The time spent in the male chambers and the number of entries into the male chambers also significantly increased in the extract treated groups when compared to negative control. The histological sections of ovaries and uterus revealed normal uterine and ovarian histoarchitecture, however increased follicular development in the ovary and glandular hyperplasia in the uterus were seen in the treated groups when compared to negative control. In conclusion Azanza garckeana hydromethanolic fruit pulp extract demonstrated aphrodisiac property, and may be used for the treatment of women with hypoactive sexual desire.
- ItemCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANGULAR AND LINEAR MEASUREMENTS OF FACIAL SOFT TISSUE PROFILE OF ALAGO AND EGGON ETHNIC GROUPS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(2023-08)The knowledge of soft-tissue anthropometric profiles can never be overemphasized in the discipline of medicine, especially in specialties such as orthognathic and plastic surgery, orthodontics, and dental prosthesis. Although direct anthropometry was for years required for this aim, the use of standardized photography today is of the highest importance to achieve biological classification of individual‘s and for clinical research . Therefore, this research is essential for clinicians such as those working in the maxillofacial discipline, as knowledge of the standard anthropometric features of the face of a specific ethnic group would guide the repair of affected areas in their patient. This study was carried out to provide a data base and facial norms of soft tissue profile analysis of the Alago and Eggon adolescent and adults which is very important in forensic and investigative studies. This study was also aimed at showing sexual dimorphism in these anthropometric facial profile parameters within the adolescents and adults of both ethnic groups. Also, to investigate the relationship between various linear and angular facial parameters considered in the present study. A total of five hundred and eighty one subjects (students and non-students) participated in this study (n=581).This study comprising of 315 males and 266 females from Alago and Ethnic groups was conducted in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study covered Alago and Eggon adolescents and adults between the age of 13-32. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee on Human Subjects of the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria and a proforma was issued to the subjects. Pictures were taken in frontal and lateral position and exported to a computer. On the computer the Face arth software was used to measure the linear and angular parameters in the study.The angles measured were : facial convexity angle, upper lip angle, nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle, nasomental angle and mentocervical angle . The linear dimensions of interest were; inferior labial sulcus, interlabial gap, upper lip length, lower lip length, total facial height, true vertical line (TVL)-nasal tip, TVL –upper lip, TVL-lower lip, TVL-pogonion, soft tissue A-TVL, and soft tissue B-TVL. Statistical analysis was done using program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26.0. The mean values for all the linear and angular parameters were established for both ethnic groups. The present study also showed that both adult and adolescent males of both ethnic groups had higher lower lip length, nasofacial angle and mentocervical angle than the females except for the angle of facial convexity where the females showed significantly higher values (p<0.05). Correlation patterns were established between the linear and angular facial profile of Alago and Eggon sample population. Nasolabial, nasomental and nasofacial angles showed strong positive correlation i.e. the three angles increase in a direct proportion while the facial height showed strong negative correlation with the angle of facial convexity and the nasolabial angle of both ethic groups. The results of this study are recommended for anthropological, forensic and clinical investigations of the Alago and Egoon ethnic groups.
- ItemDIGIT RATIO (2D:4D), SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, ANTHROPOMETRIC AND ADIPOSITY MARKERS OF MILITARY PERSONNELS IN JAJI, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA(2025-05)Physical characteristics and body composition have been known to be fundamental to excellence and performance. However, comprehensive studies to assess anthropometry, body composition parameters and aggression across military men in Nigeria are generally scanty. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D and anthropometric variables, body composition and aggression amongst military personnel in Jaji, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total number of 402 apparently healthy military men of the Nigerian army in Jaji cantonment (officers n=189 and soldiers n=213) were randomly selected and recruited for the study. All anthropometric measurements were done according to the protocol of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry and body composition variables were computed. Aggression was assessed with the use of aggression questionnaire. Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test followed by pair wise comparison with the Bonferronni corrections, discriminant function analysis and Spearman’s correlation were used and P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance. The soldiers had significantly higher mean values for R2D, R2D:4D physical aggression and fat mass compared with the officers (P<0.05) while the officers on the other hand had significantly higher values for bicep skin fold thickness and fat free mass index (P<0.05). However, other anthropometric, body composition and aggression parameters did not differ significantly between the soldiers and officers (P>0.05). The anthropometric and body composition parameters showed significant changes based on the length of stay of military men in service (P<0.05). With regards to the effect of cigarette smoking, non-cigarette smokers had significantly higher mean values for height, weight skin fold thicknesses compared with smokers (P<0.05) while smokers on the other hand had higher values for R2D and L2D:4D (P<0.05). Body composition and aggression parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers (P>0.05). Similarly on the influence of alcohol consumption, alcohol drinkers had significantly higher mean values for body mass index, mid upper arm circumference and aggression parameters compared with non-alcohol drinker (P<0.05). However, body composition parameters did not differ significantly between alcohol and non-alcohol drinkers (P>0.05). Furthermore, the discriminant function analysis proved effective in the identification of military cadres with overall accuracy being 59.5%, in 62% of soldiers and 56.6% of officers were correctly classified. Lastly, 2D:4D showed significant correlations with physical aggression, verbal aggression, total aggression, anger, waist circumference, waist-hip-ratio, body fat%, fat free mass, biceps and subscapular skinfolds in the soldiers while in the officers body composition and aggression parameters did not show significant correlations with 2D:4D. In conclusion, the relationship between 2D:4D and some anthropometric, body composition and aggression parameters have been established. Length of stay of military men in service, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption showed varying effects on the anthropometric parameters, body composition and aggression components. The study also revealed that some anthropometric and body composition variables gave a moderate to good (59.5%) military cadre discrimination accuracy, which emphasizes its utility as an adjunct for screening military men in the Jaji Military Cantonment, Kaduna, Nigeria. Future studies can compare various military cantonments across the country using a larger sample size and ensure gender sensitivity in their design.
- ItemCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANGULAR AND LINEAR MEASUREMENTS OF FACIAL SOFT TISSUE PROFILE OF ALAGO AND EGGON ETHNIC GROUPS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(2023-08)The knowledge of soft-tissue anthropometric profiles can never be overemphasized in the discipline of medicine, especially in specialties such as orthognathic and plastic surgery, orthodontics, and dental prosthesis. Although direct anthropometry was for years required for this aim, the use of standardized photography today is of the highest importance to achieve biological classification of individual‘s and for clinical research . Therefore, this research is essential for clinicians such as those working in the maxillofacial discipline, as knowledge of the standard anthropometric features of the face of a specific ethnic group would guide the repair of affected areas in their patient. This study was carried out to provide a data base and facial norms of soft tissue profile analysis of the Alago and Eggon adolescent and adults which is very important in forensic and investigative studies. This study was also aimed at showing sexual dimorphism in these anthropometric facial profile parameters within the adolescents and adults of both ethnic groups. Also, to investigate the relationship between various linear and angular facial parameters considered in the present study. A total of five hundred and eighty one subjects (students and non-students) participated in this study (n=581).This study comprising of 315 males and 266 females from Alago and Ethnic groups was conducted in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study covered Alago and Eggon adolescents and adults between the age of 13-32. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee on Human Subjects of the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria and a proforma was issued to the subjects. Pictures were taken in frontal and lateral position and exported to a computer. On the computer the Face arth software was used to measure the linear and angular parameters in the study.The angles measured were : facial convexity angle, upper lip angle, nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle, nasomental angle and mentocervical angle . The linear dimensions of interest were; inferior labial sulcus, interlabial gap, upper lip length, lower lip length, total facial height, true vertical line (TVL)-nasal tip, TVL upper lip, TVL-lower lip, TVL-pogonion, soft tissue A-TVL, and soft tissue B-TVL. Statistical analysis was done using program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26.0. The mean values for all the linear and angular parameters were established for both ethnic groups. The present study also showed that both adult and adolescent males of both ethnic groups had higher lower lip length, nasofacial angle and mentocervical angle than the females except for the angle of facial convexity where the females showed significantly higher values (p<0.05). Correlation patterns were established between the linear and angular facial profile of Alago and Eggon sample population. Nasolabial, nasomental and nasofacial angles showed strong positive correlation i.e. the three angles increase in a direct proportion while the facial height showed strong negative correlation with the angle of facial convexity and the nasolabial angle of both ethic groups. The results of this study are recommended for anthropological, forensic and clinical investigations of the Alago and Egoon ethnic groups.