ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DUMPSITES IN ZARIA METROPOLIS, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DUMPSITES IN ZARIA METROPOLIS, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
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Date
2015-02
Authors
UBA, SANI
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Abstract
The study assessed the impact of dumpsites on their immediate environments. The particulate dust, hand-dug waters, dumpsite–leachates and refuse waste soils were collected in both the dry and wet seasons while gaseous pollutants and other field data were determined in situ using gas mobile gas sensors. Also, young chickens were fed with the solid wastes and leachates for a period of three months in each site across the seasons and then sacrificed. Blood, hair, urine and nail samples were also collected from people residing close to the dumpsites in both the dry and wet seasons. The percentage recoveries of metals were determined on the samples by spiking experiment in order to validate the analytical method and technique used for the analysis. The characterization of the refuse wastes across the sites revealed the ranges of 4.24 to 44.23, 0.85 to 26.74, 13.10 (SH) to 42.11(JK), 16.33(SH) to 58.83(DA) and 3.79 (NTC) to 30.34% (PR) for plastic, papers, textiles, polythene bags and wood, respectively across the sites. The concentration ranges of CO, H2S, FL, SO2, NO2, NH3 across the seasons were 1.50 (CTR) to 11.40(SA), 0.001(CTR) to 0.0039(RA), 0.001(CTR) to 0.0085(SA), 0.001(CTR) to 0.039(SH), BDL(CTR) to 0.0039(JK) and 0.001(CTR) to 8.65(SH)ppm, respectively. The concentrations ranges of these gases were higher than the standard limits of 9(CO), 0.03(H2S, SO2), 0.08(FL) and 0.05ppm (NO2, NH3) with few exceptions. Also the ranges of particulates, relative humidity and temperature of the air at vicinity of the dumpsites across the seasons were 0.105 (KU) to 19.305 (RA)ppm, 6.35(AJ) to 77.35(CTR)% and 27.25(CTR) to 38.1000C(RA), respectively. These levels across the sites and seasons were generally above the standard limits of 0.03ppm and 250C for particulate gases and temperature. The concentration ranges of Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Hg in the particulate dust across the seasons were 1.40(JK) to 210.60(SA), BDL (CTR) to 3.74 (RA), 0.241 (KU) to 390.0 (JK), 2.26 (CTR) to 78.260(SH) and BDL (CTR) to 25.69(AJ),
respectively. The ranges of the bioavailable fractions of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg in the soils across the seasons were 4.00 (NTC) to 79.08 (BG), 5.37 (SA) to 39.65 (CTR), 0.35 (RA) to 68.57(NTC), 28.14 (SH) to 65.74(DD) and 24.068 (SH) to 80.52% (BG). Also the ranges of the bioavailable fractions of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg in leachates samples across the sites were 53.387(NTC) to 95.625(AJ), BDL(CTR) to 97.584(BG), 96.452(BG) to 1100(KU, CTR, AJ, SA, SH, RA, PR, NTC), BDL(CTR) to 100(RA, JK, DD) and 53.848(KU) to 100%(SH, SA, DD). Also the ranges of 31.499(NTC) to 99.513(AJ), BDL(CTR) to 100(BG, DD, SA), BDL(CTR) to 100(RA, DD, JK), 67.884(PR) to 100(NTC, RA, SA, KU, JK, DD & BG) AND 85.729(NTC) to 100%(BG, CTR, DD, JK, KU, SA and PR) for Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg. Also, the water quality indices (WQI) of 123799.1 and 110501.6 were recorded in wet and dry seasons and were >300, indicating that they were unfit for drinking. Also, the concentration ranges of BDL (CTR) to 8.844(JK), BDL(CTR) to 2.850(BG), BDL(CTR) to 0.099(BG), BDL(CTR) to 128.017(NTC) and BDL(CTR) to 83.122mg/kg(DD) were recorded for Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg in the chicken samples across the sites and seasons. Similarly, the concentration ranges of Zn: 0.414 to 1.102mg/L(RA), 0.738(RA) to 4.047mg/L(DD), 0.485(JK) to 8.568mg/kg(DD) and 0.719(BG) to 13.641mg/kg(NTC); Pb: 0.060(RA) 0.180mg/L(JK), 0.011(CTR) to 0.244mg/L(JK), 0.090(PR) to 0.900mg/kg(DD), BDL(CTR) to 0.413mg/kg(AJ); Cu: BDL(AJ) to 0.088mg/L(PR), BDL(CTR) to 0.171mg/L(PR), BDL(CTR) to 0.905mg/kg(DD), BDL(CTR) to 0.312mg/kg(AJ); Cd: BDL(DD) to 0.029mg/L(KU), BDL(DD) to 1.648mg/L(RA), BDL(DD) to 1.144mg/kg(KU), BDL(DD) to 1.119mg/kg(NTC) and Hg: BDL(CTR) to 3.187mg/L(NTC), BDL(CTR) to 3.460mg/L(SA), BDL(CTR) to 3.871mg/kg(RA), BDL(BG, CTR) to 2.935mg/kg((DD) were recorded in the urine, blood nail and hair samples of human residents of the dumpsites. The results indicate that the levels of Pb, Cd and Hg were generally above the
toxic limits of 0.001, 0.05 and 0.30mg/kg in the human residents. The non-toxic bismuth electrode was designed and tested which shows the detection limits of 0.005, 0.029, 0.033, 0.027 and 0.570μM for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Hg, respectively. High levels of these gases and toxic metals reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, block oxygen transfer, poison cell enzymes, etc. The concentrations of the metals in chicken samples were generally below the tolerable limits with few exceptions which clearly show that the residents at the vicinity of these dumpsites are directly affected. Further work on bismuth working electrode should be carried out to improve the detection limits of these metals for environmental studies.
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ENVIRONMENTAL,, IMPACT,, ASSESSMENT,, DUMPSITES,, ZARIA,, METROPOLIS,, KADUNA STATE,, NIGERIA