VETERINARY MEDICINE

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    ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EXCRETION OF IMIDOCARB DIPROPIONATE (3,3'-bis-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) carbanilide) IN SHEEP
    (1974-08) YUSUF, OTARU ALIU
    ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EXCRETION OF IMIDOCARB DIPROPIONATE (3,3'-bis-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) carbanilide) IN SHEEP. (August 1974) Yusuf Otaru Aliu, D.V.M., Cornell University. Spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic methods for quantitative and qualitative determination of imidocarb in biologic specimens are described. Imidocarb was extracted under basic conditions from plasma, urine, milk, bile and homogenized tissue samples into organic solvents. Following extraction and concentration in 0.82 N HCl, the drug can be qualitatively identified by thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry. The detection limit for estimation of pure imidocarb in aqueous solution by spectrophotometry is equivalent to a concentration of 1.0 μg/ml in plasma and other body fluids and 5.0 μg/Gm in tissues. With thin-layer chromatography, the minimum detection level is 0.21 μg. Following intravenous injection of imidocarb dipropionate (2.0 mg/kg of body weight) into sheep, the high initial plasma concentration of 10.8 μg/ml fell very rapidly to 1.9 μg/ml in 1 hour, and was less than 1 μg/ml in 4 hours post injection. When 4.5 mg/kg of body weight of imidocarb was injected intramuscularly into sheep, peak plasma concentrations of 7.9 μg/ml were attained within 4 hours. This was followed by a rapid decline within the next 2 hours to 4.6 μg/ml, and then by a very slow decline of several weeks duration. Trace amounts were still present in the plasma 4 weeks after treatment. The drug was bound to plasma proteins to the extent of 21-53%, and the apparent volume of distribution was slightly higher than the total body water. Imidocarb was widely distributed in the tissues of sheep. Concentrations in the tissues studied were considered high and detectable amounts were present 4 weeks after administration. Twenty-four hours after administration, the highest concentrations occurred in the kidneys, liver and brain. Using 14C-labelled imidocarb to study its distribution in the brain, significant radioactivity was detected in all regions with highest concentrations occurring in the pituitary gland, the pineal body and the olfactory bulb. The concentrations of radioactivity measured in plasma (0.013 μg/ml) and sheep red blood cells (0.016 μg/ml) indicated an equal partitioning between plasma and red blood cells. No metabolic or biotransformation products could be detected by the methods of assay. Approximately 11-17% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine within 24 hours; thereafter, the excretion rate was very low and detectable amounts were present for 4 weeks. The rate of renal clearance of imidocarb was found to be considerably below glomerular filtration rate indicative of tubular reabsorption. The relatively high concentrations of the drug found in the bile suggest that biliary excretion of imidocarb is an important route of excretion. High concentrations were also found in the milk of lactating ewes. When the milk was fed to nursing lambs, no drug could be detected in their plasma. Imidocarb did not affect oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria.
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    AVIAN SPIROCHETOSIS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
    (1975-06) BARNES, H. JOHN
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    SPERMATOGENESIS IN INDIGENOUS BULLS IN NIGERIA
    (1976-11) JIM, KUMI-DIAKA
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    EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RABIES IN KADUNA OYO AND LAGOS STATES OF NIGERIA
    (1977) OGUNKOYA, ALBERT BANKOLE
    Attempts to establish the status and the public health importance of rabies in Nigeria have been undertaken using three states in Nigeria as models: Kaduna State which is centrally situated in the northern part of the country, Oyo and Lagos states in the South-west. Questionnaire interviews, traceback investigations and examination of hospital and health centre records revealed that in Kaduna state, between 1971 and 1978, 1,495 people were bitten by dogs of which 79% were males and 21% females. Male children. 10-14 years of age, appeared to be at relatively higher risk of being bitten by dogs than female children in the same age group. Monthly distribution showed a high incidence in September, November and February. Thirty-seven point six percent and sixty five percent of the reported cases of biting dogs were diagnosed in differert laboratories as being rabid and the incidence of bite was higher in Soba areas and Southern part of Kaduna State than in the northern part. All the 15 people recorded in 3 hospitals as dying of rabies were males and the death incidence was highest among teenagers
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    TESTICULAR GROWTH AND SEMEN QUALITIES OF WEST AFRICAN BULLS
    (1979-08) OSINOWO, OLUSEGUN AYODEJI
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    STUDIES ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF INDIGENOUS SHEEP AND GOATS
    (1980-08) Koomson, Theophilus Otu Mensah
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    SEROLOGICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN FOOD ANIMALS (CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS AND SWINE) IN KANO AND KADUNA STATES OF NIGERIA
    (1981-05) ANDREW, OLATUNBOSUN AGANGA
    A serological and parasitological survey of toxoplasmosis was conducted on some food animals (cattle sheep, goats and swine) in Kano and Kaduna States of Nigeria to determine prevalence of T. gondii infection. A combination of Indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) tests were the serological methods used for cattle, goats and sheep serum samples while the IHA and the Sabin-Feldman (SF) dye tests were used for the swine serum samples. Attempts were made to isolate T. gondii from seropositive animals by the mouse inoculation technique, A total of 762 animals were sampled comprising 200 each of cattle, goats, sheep and 162 swine. Serum samples were collected prior to slaughter while tissue samples of the same animals were collected after slaughter at various abattoirs in these two States. Results show that 3, 4,5, 9 and 6.8 per cent respectively of cattle, goats, sheep and swine were positive by the Indirect Haemagglutination te3t while 3, A, 9.5 per cent of cattle, goats and sheep were positive by the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test and 8 per cent of swine by the Sabin-Feldman (SF) dye test. There was no statistical significant difference in the results based on age, sex, breed and geographical location P<0.0.05(chi square). Attempt to isolate Toxoplasma gondii from the tissues of the serologically positive animals was unsuccessful. It is concluded, based on the present study, that meat of commonly slaughtered animals in Northern Nigeria present minimal public health hazard as far as T. gondii is concerned.
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    UTERINE INVOLUTION, OVARIAN ACTIVITY AND BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD IN INDIGENOUS NIGERIAN CATTLE
    (1982-11) LAWRENCE, OCHENEMINE EDUVIE
    The effects of suckling, feeding of concentrate supplement, season of calving, parity or age of dam on duration of uterine involution and ovarian activity in the postpartum cow were studied. The effect of suckling on the gross and histological changes in the reproductive organs during the postpartum period and a bacteriological survey of the postpartum uteri of suckled and nonsuckled cows were also undertaken. Suckling and the season of calving affected the interval from calving to first ovulation significantly (P(.IO). Nonsuckled cows and cows that calved during the dry season ovulated earlier than suckled cows and cows that calved during the rainy season, respectively. Cows that received concentrate supplement had shorter but non-significant postpartum intervals to first follicle, and first ovulation as well as shorter intervals from first follicle to ovulation- Pluriparous cows tended to ovulate earlier than primiparous cows. Height of ovary associated with the nongravid uterine horn was statistically different (P<.05) for suckled and nonsuckled cows. Breadth of ovary on the side of the nongravid horn and height of ovary associated with the previously gravid horn and nongravid horn were different (P(.05) between postpartum days . Ovary associated with the previously gravid horn was generally heavier than the contralateral ovary. Nonsuckled cows had more follicles than suckled cows. Cyclic corpora lutea (CL) were detected in four of 12 nonsuckled cows but none of the suckled cows had CL during the first 30 days after calving. The rate of regression of CL of pregnancy during the postpartum period was similar for suckled and nonsuckled cows. Primary and atretic follicles were more prevalent than growing and graafian follicles in the ovaries of both suckled and nonsuckled cows. There were significant differences in the length, diameter and weight of the uterine horns, uterine body and cervix between postpartum days two, 10, 21 and 30. The diameters of the caruncles near the uterine bifurcation were significantly different between day two and days 10, 21 and 30 postpartum. Uterine horn wall thickness was similar for cows examined at days two and 10, and for those at days 21 and 30 but different between these two periods. Sloughing of caruncular tissue and initiation of caruncular reepithelialization occurred at about day 10 after parturition. Caruncular reepithelialization which occurred from the edges of the caruncles and also from glandular epithelium, was completed by day 21 postpartum. Epithelium was present in sections of the intercaruncular uterine tissue, the cervix, uterine body and oviducts irrespective of days postpartum. Lymphocytes and plasma cells were commonly found in the lamina propria of the uterine sections from cows in all groups while aggregates of different leucocytes (mainly lymphocytes) were present in some sections. Trophoblastic cells were abserved in a few sections obtained from cows on day two while macrophages and eosinophils were found in some sections obtained from cows on days two and 10. Postpartum uterine contamination was higher between days 10 and 21 than any other postpartum period, with Staphylococcus aureus being the commonest organism isolated. The partem of uterine contamination during the first month after calving was that of contamination clearing and recontamination as no organism was cons - stently isolated from any animal during this period. Seven out of 24 cows sampled at slaughter and nine of 52 in vivo samplings were positive for bacteria. Suckling had no influence on the rate of uterine contamination which did not interfere with uterine involution. It is concluded that suckling, level of feeding, season of calving and parity or age of daw may delavtne onset of ovarian activity during the postpartum period and thus contribute to a prolonged calving interval and fewer calves per life in the Zebu cows. Delayed uterine involution does not appear to be a problem in Zebu cows.
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