SOCIAL SCIENCES

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    MONETARY POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT FINAKaNGi THE CASE OF NIGERIA 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 66
    (1971-10) Ako, Ounnar Blornqvlst
    This stud/ analyzes the monetary and financial system and its interaction with the real economy for the case of Nigeria, 1950-1966. Relatively simple tools from monetary and macro-economic theory are applied in order to contribute to the understanding of the rolo of monetary policy in the context of a low-income, partially monetized, open economy with undeveloped financial markets, in which the fundamental economic policy objective is to accelerate real economic growth. The primacy of this objective implies the existence of strong pressure on the policy-makers to conduct an expansionary monetary policy for the purpose of generating a high rate of development expenditure. The study investigates whether past experience in Nigeria is consistent with the view that such a policy will significantly accelerate real growth. Before 1959, the supply of currency was regulated through the operation of the West African Currency Board, which held 100% sterling reserves against its liabilities. The monetary system's contribution to development financing was therefore limited to the growth in domestic credit of commercial banks. After its foundation in 1959 the Control Bank extended increasing amounts of domestic credit, and commercial bank credit continued to grow rapidly. The resulting expansionary impact on the money supply, however, was partly offset by the rapid decline in foreign assets of the monetary system. This indicates the limited extent to which domestic credit expansion can take place if it is desired to maintain balance-of-payments equilibrium at a fixed exchange rate and a stable level of foreign reserves. This hypothesis is also consistent with the results of projections of the Nigerian economy which illustrate the consequences of differont assumed monetary policies; the projections are based on estimated equations describing the determination of the demand for money and the level of imports. In spite of this, a strongly expansionary monetary policy might nevertheless be considered worthwhile if it had a favorable onough impact on real growth. The a priori discussion, however, givc3 little support to the hypothesis that inflation would succeed in stimulating non-monetary savings and capital formation; it is further concluded that the increase in savings through increased accumulation of money balances would be relatively small, due to the low money/income ratio. Tho regression results are consistent with these conclusions. Possible techniques of monetary policy are extensively discussed. Due to the narrow market for government securities tho Central Bank must have a certain degree of responsibility for the stabilisation of government securities prices. Therefore, domestic borrowing requirements of the government becomes a crucial parameter for monotary policy with the consequence being strong interdependence between monotary and fiscal policy. Following Friedman, the question of rules vs. discretion in monetary policy is considered with the conclusion that there is a strong case in favor of ruloa. However, in an open economy with fixed exchange rates, it is appropriate to consider domestic credit rather than the stock of money, as the control variable. On the basis of the performance of such a rule in the projection experiments, it 1B concluded that its adoption in Nigeria can be tentatively recommended. Finally, the oligopolistic character of the banking system is discussed, and the choice of techniques of monetary policy is considered in terms of their effects on competition and efficiency in the monetary and financial system.
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    ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
    (1974-07) Zayyad, Hamza
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    LEGAL PLURALISM IN THE NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA
    (1976-01) AHMED, BEITA YUSUF
    Legal anthropologists have been paying limited attention to legal pluralism. In the few works where this problem is broached, however, the issues of internal conflict of laws and related socio-legal processes are usually underscored. This essay is therefore partly designed to fill this gap in anthropological literature. In the six Northern States of Nigeria, three interacting systems of law are identified: the Shari'a (applying mainly to the Moslem population), Customary law (a blanket term for the legal traditions of about 250 ethnic groups in the region), and General law (British-based and continually modified by Nigerian enactments). Ethnic heterogeneity Moslem conquest and Islamization, and British colonial rule are held to be the principal sources of the legal pluralism. Although the three different bodies of law have also been complementing one another (as in certain branches of law), their parallel existence in the region has been largely characterized by conflicts and inconsistencies. The essay is divided into seven chapters. The first spells out the problem, objectives, methodology, and theoretical formulations of the dissertation. It also reviews relevant previous works, and then discusses certain assumptions behind the research and how these assumptions guided the entire study. Chapter Two presents an overview of multi-ethnicity, along with a detailed description of the sources, structure, and application of Islamic law. Chapter Three examines substantive and procedural law of crime in three indigenous societies. In general, ethnic legal traditions seem to display a remarkable commonality in a number of fundamental respects. Chapter Four discusses the structure and historical development of General law; particular attention is given to some internal judicial reforms which have yet to eliminate entirely the inadequacies of the plural legal system. In Chapter Five, mixed-cause cases are used to illustrate the nature and direction of conflict-of-law situations. Chapter Six examines the general characteristics of mixed-cause litigations and the question of choice of law (or court). Tabulating some 450 legal actions, it is shown that the locales of mixed litigations are more urban than rural, and that choice of law is still being determined largely by ethnic (religious) considerations. Chapter Seven summarizes the thesis, and then examines the relevance of the study both to the viability of (Northern) Nigeria as a multi-ethnic unit, and to theory and method in legal anthropology. Because of the preponderance of legal inconsistencies, and because choice of law is primarily determined by ethnicity, it is argued that plural societies with persistent institutional cleavages will benefit more from judicial uniformity than diversity. It is further maintained that the eventual restatement and codification of Customary law can hardly constitute a barrier to legal development; neither is it likely to hinder the development of "national" body of law based upon consciously selected and rationally integrated elements from the different legal traditions
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    LEGAL PLURALISM IN THE NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA: CONFLICT OF LAWS IN A MULTI-ETHNIC ENVIRONMENT
    (1976-01) YUSUF, AHMED BEITA
    Legal anthropologists have been paying limited attention to legal pluralism. In the few works where this problem is broached, however, the issues of internal conflict of laws and related socio-legal processes are usually underscored. This essay is therefore partly designed to fill this gap in anthropological literature. In the six Northern States of Nigeria, three interacting systems of law are identified: the Shari'a (applying mainly to the Moslem population), Customary law (a blanket term for the legal traditions of about 250 ethnic groups in the region), and General law (British-based and continually modified by Nigerian enactments). Ethnic heterogeneity Moslem conquest and Islamization, and British colonial rule are held to be the principal sources of the legal pluralism. Although the three different bodies of law have also been complementing one another (as in certain branches of law), their parallel existence in the region has been largely characterized by conflicts and inconsistencies. The essay is divided into seven chapters. The first spells out the problem, objectives, methodology, and theoretical formulations of the dissertation. It also reviews relevant previous works, and then discusses certain assumptions behind iv the research and how these assumptions guided the entire study. Chapter Two presents an overview of multi-ethnicity, along with a detailed description of the sources, structure, and application of Islamic law. Chapter Three examines substantive and procedural law of crime in three indigenous societies. In general, ethnic legal traditions seem to display a remarkable commonality in a number of fundamental respects. Chapter Four discusses the structure and historical development of General law; particular attention is given to some internal judicial reforms which have yet to eliminate entirely the inadequacies of the plural legal system. In Chapter Five, mixed-cause cases are used to illustrate the nature and direction of conflict-of-law situations. Chapter Six examines the general characteristics of mixed-cause litigations and the question of choice of law (or court). Tabulating some 450 legal actions, it is shown that the locales of mixed litigations are more urban than rural, and that choice of law is still being determined largely by ethnic (religious) considerations. Chapter Seven summarizes the thesis, and then examines the relevance of the study both to the viability of (Northern) Nigeria as a multi-ethnic unit, and to theory and method in legal anthropology. Because of the preponderance of legal inconsistencies, and because choice of law is primarily determined by ethnicity, it is argued that plural societies with persistent institutional cleavages will benefit more from judicial uniformity than diversity. It is further maintained that the eventual restatement and codification of Customary law can hardly constitute a barrier to legal development; neither is it likely to hinder the development of "national" body of law based upon consciously selected and rationally integrated elements from the different legal traditions.
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    AGRICULTURAL TAXATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPLENT IN NIGERIA
    (1976-09) JOHN, BOLARINWA LONGE
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    THE ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTING INDUSTRIALISATION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NIGERIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
    (1978) EKUERHARE, B. U.
    This study is concerned with the appraisal and the explanation of the pattern of resource allocation and growth associated with Nigerian import-substituting industrialisation in the context of the textile industry. It seeks to investigate the general hypothesis, that import substitution as a strategy of industrialisation has resulted in inefficient allocation and utilisation of resources. In this context, the study seeks to analyse and explain the economic costs of import substitution in the Nigerian textile industry, and to suggest alternative strategies for improving the economic performance of this industry in particular and of Nigerian industrialisation in general. The approach adopted is to apply the methods of social cost-benefit analysis to firm level data of the textile industry. The organisation of the study is as follows. Chapter 2 reviews the theoretical and empirical themes and issues concerning the economic performance of import substitution as a strategy of industrialisation. Within the neo-classical and the structuralist/Marxist paradigms, it attempts a theoretical interpretation of the performance of this strategy of industrialisation. The neo-classical theoretical interpretation provides the basis for the empirical appraisal of the textile industry, and Chapter 3 sets out the theoretical and methodological aspects of social cost-benefit analysis. Chapter A describes and analyses the strategies of Nigerian economic and industrial growth which provide the general economic background to the detailed study of the development and performance of the textile industry Chapter 5 discusses the growth and structural change of the textile industry, identifies the main factors influencing its development, and examines some aspects of the performance of the industry. On the basis of the methods of social cost-benefit analysis explicated in Chapter 3, Chapter 6 appraises empirically the economic performance of the individual firms operating in the textile industry. The main results of the application of the methods of social costbenefit analysis in Chapter 6 are that the growth of the textile industry has been extremely inefficient, and that there have been wide differentials in relative inefficiency among firms and sectors in the industry. Chapter 7 attempts an identification and assessment of the factors which could explain the economic inefficiency of the industry. In the light of the major conclusions drawn from the empirical analyses undertaken in Chapters 5, 6 and 7, Chapter 8 examines the alternative strategies within the neo-classical and the structuralist/Marxist paradigms, which might be used to improve the economic performance of the textile industry and of the Nigerian industrial sector generally. The summary of the main conclusions reached in the study is presented in Chapter 9.
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    AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA
    (1978-03) ODENEYE, SETH ADETUNJI
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    ETHNICITY AND AGITATION FOR CREATION OF STATES IN NIGERIA: THE DEFUNCT NORTH WESTERN STATE AS A CASE STUDY
    (1979-06) R.AYO, DUNMOY
    Demands and agitation for creation of new States in Nigeria has been a recurrent feature since the London Constitutional Conference of 1957. The fundamental reason for the demand has always, until very recently (i.e. since the growth of an oil revenue - fuelled economy) been cultural pluralism or ethnic differences. This pluralism has led to the perennial problem of "minority groups" within administrative units, thinking objectively or otherwise that they are at a disadvantage. The Willink Commission that was set up by the British Colonial .. government in 1957 did not make any recommendation that would break up the three regions. Instead, it held the view that the only meaningful way of allaying the fears of minorities was to encourage democratic government within the regions. After independence in 1960, only the Mid-West region was carved out of the old Western region in 1964, leaving the East and North intact. The Military regime under Gowon tried to solve the problem of minorities by breaking up the regions into twelve states in 1967. The euphoria did not lasts demands for more states continued. Minorities within the "1967 new states" started agitating. One of such areas of agitation was the defunct North Western State. This thesis exaines the nature and structure of this agitation. My findings demonstrate that majority of the rural dwellers were not fully aware of the agitation. Those who knew about it on the two sides (old Niger and Sokoto provinces) were the educated elites and urbanites. This has led me to conclude that ethnic differences were only used by the elites of both sides to break up North Western State. The agitation was an intra-elite struggle for values like political offices, administrative posts and contract awards. The only reason why the State could have been dismembered at all was its vastness, which was not conducive to effective administrative and economic planning. Although I do not deny the existence of ethnic contradictions in the thesis, I am highly convinced by the available evidence that those primordial contradictions have been harped upon and utilized by the dominant elite class within the system for elite-ends. I suggest that this sort of manipulation in the Nigerian political process can be much more contained if there are fairly strong unifying ideology, committed leadership mass literacy and purposeful government
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    Resettlement adjustment patterns to rural development programs: The case of Tiga dam in Kano State of Nigeria
    (1980) Voh, Jacob Padeino
    In Nigeria, the government is the major initiator of projects to improve the economy and of efforts to reform or modernize the society. These projects consequently are designed with little or no consultation with the people who are to be affected by them. One of such projects, the subject of this thesis, is the construction of Tiga dam in Kano State which resulted in the relocation of about 12,000 people. In the thesis, relocation of rural people (resettlement) is conceived of as a development project and a perspective was developed that rural communities undergoing compulsory resettlement respond in the same general fashion irrespective of their sociocultural background and of the policy of resettlement authorities. This theoretical framework includes problems of socioeconomic adjustment, perception of the conditions and opportunities created by the project and factors affecting the displaced persons' responses to a development project. Data were obtained by means of personal interviews with 344 household heads selected at random in four new villages. Percentages are employed to report certain aspects of the study. Gamma (y) as a measure of association of ordinal data is used to analyze some relationships while Pearson correlations and multiple regression procedures are used to analyze interval level measures. Problems of socioeconomic adjustment were found to be those that concern the social and economic well-being of the relocatees—farmland, housing, water supplies and so on. It also was found that, in general, the affected persons viewed the various conditions and opportunities created by the project as having beneficial effects. It was found that same variables tended to affect perceptions of the conditions and opportunities created by the project and apprehension of new communities. Size of farm and involvement in project activities in particular were found to be important determinants of perception of the conditions and opportunities created by the project and apprehension of new communities. Size of farm, length of awareness of inundation, knowledge of agencies and their roles, length of residence on the project, involvement in project activities and vested interests served by the project were found to be positively and significantly related to attitudes toward the project. The variables in the model explained about 44% of the variation in attitudes toward the project. However, involvement in project activities, length of residence on the project and size of farm operated by the relocatee, together, explained more of the variation in attitudes toward the project. The implications of the study for sociological theory, research and planning applications are discussed.