VETERINARY MEDICINE

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Browsing VETERINARY MEDICINE by Author "ABIDOYE, Ebenezer Olaoluwa"

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    EVALUATION OF PARACETAMOL, KETOPROFEN AND SELECTED OPIATES IN CANINE PERIOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT
    (2014-04) ABIDOYE, Ebenezer Olaoluwa
    One of the ways of controlling postoperative pain is the administration of a single analgesic or a combination of different classes of analgesics prior to the onset of noxious stimuli. A constraint to perioperative use of traditional opioids and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors is their undesirable side effects. This study evaluates the suitability of COX inhibitors (Ketoprofen and paracetamol) andselected opiate (tramadol and morphine) were evaluated for their analgesic efficacy in perioperative conditions through single and multi- drug pre-emptive administration.Pain was evaluated through visual analogue pain evaluation, physiologic, neurophysiologic, haematologic, serologic and biochemical parameters.This study is divided into four major (4) protocols, in which a total of 48 dogs were used. In protocol I, samples and baseline data were collected from all the dogs. Protocols II and III were the experimental protocols. Protocol II, consist of two groups (B and C). Group B is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrug group and had eight (8) dogs which were subdivided into two groups (B1 and B2) of four dogs each. In B1 (ACE) paracetamolwas administeredat 0.9 mg/kg while in B2ketoprofen (KET) was administeredat 2.2 mg/kg. Group C comprises of two subdivisions (C1 and C2). C1 had tramadol (TRA) at 3mg/kg administered and C2 had morphine (MOR) administered at 0.5mg/kg. Protocol III was the multimodal therapy section. It was subdivided into two groups. Group D1 (TRAC) had a multimodal combination of tramadol (2mg/kg) and paracetamol(0.5mg/kg) while group D2 (MOKE) had a combination therapy of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (2.0 mg/kg) all administered intramuscularly. Each of thesesubdivisions had four dogs. Protocol IV is the clinical trial of the best drugs based on their performance and had twenty clinical canine surgical cases.The result of the study revealed that visual analogue scale indicated a significant (P< 0.05) increase in pain intensity in dogs that were not treated with analgesic up to the six hourpost induction of pain. Contrary to this, TRA, the multimodal therapy of TRAC and that of MOKE had lower pain intensity even up till the 48th hour. Similar results were obtained when physiologic parameters such as heart rate, rectal temperature and electrocardiographic (ECG) mappings were used to evaluate for pain in the dogs.The electroencephalographic studies revealed that there was electrical burst around the C4 – A2 and C3-A1 region of the brain with amplitudes of 325.8 ±0.8μv2/Hz in the non-treatment group. Much lower values were obtained in the MOKE with amplitude of 10.0 ± 0.52μv2/Hz. In conclusion, paracetamol and ketoprofen single administration gave comparative analgesic efficacy. Perioperative administration of paracetamol and ketoprofen did not completely abolish the afferent nociceptivetransmission. Morphine administration gave superior efficacy to tramadol. The combination of tramadol (2mg/kg)/paracetamol (0.5mg/kg) significantly reducedsurgical pain perioperatively, and is available in the open pharmacy.