BIOASSAY-GUIDED EVALUATION OF ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN EXTRACTS OF Guiera senegalensis (J.F. GMEL), Scoparia dulcis (LINN) AND Pulicaria crispa (FORSSK)
BIOASSAY-GUIDED EVALUATION OF ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN EXTRACTS OF Guiera senegalensis (J.F. GMEL), Scoparia dulcis (LINN) AND Pulicaria crispa (FORSSK)
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2016-02
Authors
ADEBIYI, Adedayo Babafemi
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Guiera senegalensis, Scoparia dulcis and Pulicaria crispa are plants known in Nigeria for the treatment of various infectious diseases. These plants were subjected to phytochemical, antimicrobial and anti-TB screening. Phytochemical screening of the plants revealed the presence of saponin in all the hexane fractions, ethyl acetate fraction of Scoparia dulcis and methanolic fraction of Guiera senegalensis. Cardenolides, phlobatanins, volatile oil and resins were absent in all the three solvent extracts. Flavonoids and volatile oils were present in only the ethyl acetate extract and methanolic extract of Pulicaria crispa . Cardiac glycosides, glycosides, balsams and phenols were only present in the methanolic extract of Scoparia dulcis. Steroids were found in the ethyl acetate extracts. Flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and glycosides were also found in the methanolic extract of Guiera senegalensis and Scoparia dulcis. The antimicrobial activity of the plant fractions tested against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram negative bacteria (Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli) and fungus (Candida albicans, Candida krusei) using agar in-well diffusion method have their activities ranging between 16 mm to 35 mm respectively as against the control (ciproflaxin and fluconazole ranging between 31mm to 41mm respectively) while the zone of inhibition of the test microbes against the three plant extracts were found to have high zone of inhibition in both ethyl acetate fraction and hexane fraction of Guiera senegalensis, at a concentration of 3.12 μg/ml as against S. aureus, also in ethyl acetate fraction of Pulicaria crispa at a concentration of 12.5 μg/ml as against P. mirabilis, also in all fractions o G. Senegalensis at a concentration 3.12 μg/ml as against C.albican, followed by the fractions of Pulicaria crispa at concentration of 3.12 μg/ml as against S. pyogenes and N.gonorrhea, the inhibitory effect of various extracts were compared with standard drug ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentration for both extracts were also determined and ranged between 12.25 to 25 μg/ml using broth dilution method. The anti-mycobacteria study showed that activity were found in methanol extract of Pulicaria crispa at concentration of 8.01±1.70 μg/ml, extracts of ethyl acetate of Scoparia dulcis at concentration of 12.03±0.86 μg/ml and methanol extract of Guiera senegalensis at concentration of 2.80±1.40 μg/ml, however low activity was observed for the hexane extract of Scoparia dulcis at concentration of 20.40±0.24 μg/ml and ethyl acetate extract of Guiera senegalensis at concentration of 40.01±1.20 μg/ml, hence when compared with the control drug rifampicin at concentration of 0.38±1.40 μg/ml, methanol fraction for
vi
Guiera senegalensis showed the highest anti-mycobaterial activity. Extensive chromatographic separation of the methanol extract of Guiera senegalensis led to the isolation of compound Dy1 (oleanolic acid). The structure of the compound were established by spectral analysis including 1D NMR (1H, 13C and DEPT), 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) hence showing 8 quatenary carbons, 5 methine carbons, 10 methylene carbon and 7 methyl carbons, hence the total of thirty carbons. The high anti-TB activity on the methanolic fraction of Guiera sengalensis is been reported for the first time from this plant. The use of the plants for the treatment of infectious disease is therefore justified.
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF THE
MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
Keywords
BIOASSAY-GUIDED EVALUATION, ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS, PHYTOCONSTITUENTS, Guiera senegalensis (J.F. GMEL),, Scoparia dulcis (LINN), Pulicaria crispa (FORSSK)