CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION OF ACTIVATEDTAMARIND KERNEL POWDER IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE - WATER TREATMENT
CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION OF ACTIVATEDTAMARIND KERNEL POWDER IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE - WATER TREATMENT
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Date
2017-05
Authors
ADAMS, ABRAHAM DANLADI
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Abstract
Activated tamarind kernel powderwas prepared from tamarind seed(Tamarindus indica);and utilized for the removal of Acid Red 1, Reactive Orange 20 and Reactive blue 29 dyes from their aqueous solutions. The powder was activated using 4M nitric acid (HNO3). The effect of various parameters which include; pH, adsorbent dosage, ion concentration, and contact time were studied to identify the adsorption capacity of the activated tamarind kernel powder under the above conditions. The percentage of dye adsorbed is seen to be dependent on these factors. The result obtained indicated that the adsorption of Acid Red 1 (AR1), Reactive Orange 20 (RO20) and Reactive Blue 29 (RB29) decreased with increase in initial concentration but increased with increase in temperature. At equilibrium, all three dyes showed highest dye uptake at initial dye concentration of 20 mg/l, pH 2, adsorbent dose of 1.0 g, and at a contact time range of 80-100 min. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevichisotherm models measured at a temperature range of 298-328K are fitted into the graphs. The Temkin isotherm model is best-fitted into the experimental data with R2 values ranging between 0.913-0.987 for Acid Red 1, 0.865-0.969 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.942-0.992 for Reactive Blue 29. The next in line for best fitting is the Langmuir isotherm with R2 values ranging between 0.859-0.995 for Acid Red 1 dye, 0.825-0.974 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.971-0.989 for Reactive Blue 29. This is followed by Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm with R2 values ranging between 0.931-0.974 for Acid Red 1, 0.923-0.989 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.789-0.923 for Reactive Blue 29. Lastly is the Freundlich isotherm with R2 values ranging between 0.803-0.931 for Acid Red 1, 0.856-0.964 for Reactive Orange 20 and 0.982-0.995 for Reactive Blue 29. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were also fitted into the graphs, but pseudo-second order was best fitted into the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy which were determined using the Van‘t Hoff equations were found to
provide the clues necessary to predict the nature of the adsorption process. The values of the activation energy (EA) obtained indicated that the adsorption of AR1, RO20 and RB29 on activated tamarind kernel powder (ATKP) is a physical process.The negative free energy (ΔG) indicatedthat the adsorption process is feasible and spontaneous, the negative enthalpy (ΔH) indicatedthat the reaction is exothermic in nature and the negative entropy (ΔS) indicated that there is decreased randomness at the solid/solution interphase during the adsorption process. The chemical functional groups of the ATKP adsorbent were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which helped in the identification of possible adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface. Characterization of the activated tamarind kernel powder which was carried out using standard methods, showed that the values of the parameters of interest such as moisture and dry matter content, ash content, pH and bulk density; fall within acceptable range. Therefore, activated tamarind kernel powder has proven to be a very good adsorbent for the removal of acid dyes and reactive dyes.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COLOUR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE SCIENCE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,
ZARIA, NIGERIA
Keywords
CHARACTERIZATION,, UTILIZATION,, ACTIVATEDTAMARIND KERNEL POWDER,, INDUSTRIAL WASTE,