MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS IN RIVERS OF THE MIDDLE GALMA BASIN, NIGERIA
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS IN RIVERS OF THE MIDDLE GALMA BASIN, NIGERIA
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Date
2008-01
Authors
BEGIANPUYE, Adie Donatus
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Abstract
The physicochcmical characteristics of water in rivers of middle Galma basin were monitored
at twelve stations during a period of two years. These stations were located at various points on
river Shika, river Kubanni and river Galma. The parameters measured were pH, electrical
conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, dissolved
oxygen, COD and BOD. The data collected was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis
techniques (Principal component analysis, Factor analysis, Cluster analysis and Discriminant
analysis). Results obtained showed that principal component and factor analysis were able to
isolate factors that could be used to effectively monitor the water quality of the basin. Total
solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Phosphates (in that order), were significant in
the analysis, which proved that agricultural activities were a major source of pollution in the
area during the wet season and domestic wastes during the dry season periods. Cluster analysis
clearly delineated the seasons and sampling stations. The stations on river Kubanni and its
tributaries and also the stations on river Shika were near perfectly grouped. Cluster analysis
was also applied to the months, where they were clearly divided into rainy and dry months.
Discriminant analysis was applied to these clusters to extract stations that were more useful in
terms of representative data as well as months that were inappropriately classified. The output
results from Discriminant analysis were able to predict all these in a very convincing manner.
From the overall results obtained, sampling could be limited to the identified stations S8 and
S9 which are Gaskiya Bridge and Tudun Wada Bridge for Kubanni River and station S10
which is located near the Zazzau ginnery on the River Shika. This could provide representative
results for the rivers concerned. It therefore showed that multivariate statistical analysis can be
used for temporal and spatial data interpretation in the middle Galma basin.
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WATER RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.
DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
Keywords
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS,, POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS,, N RIVERS,, MIDDLE GALMA BASIN,, NIGERIA