GROWTH PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS GROWTH STAGES OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FED VARIOUS INCLUSION LEVELS OF PROCESSED WATER MELON (CITRULLUS LANATUS, MANSF.) SEED CAKE DIETS
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS GROWTH STAGES OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FED VARIOUS INCLUSION LEVELS OF PROCESSED WATER MELON (CITRULLUS LANATUS, MANSF.) SEED CAKE DIETS
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Date
2016-08
Authors
BABALE, MUSA YOANE
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Abstract
This study explored the utilization of extruded water melon seed cake (Citrullus lanatus,Mansf.)as an alternative source of protein in fish feeds formulation for sustainable production of Clarias gariepinus. The proximate analysis, anti-nutrients compounds, amino acids, some minerals, carcass proximate composition, apparent digestibility, haematology and economic viability were determined according to standard methods. Toasting for 20 minutes gave the best crude protein of 32.68% and the least fibre value of 5.48%. The best anti-nutritional compound was at 40 minutes. Toasting at 20 minutes gave the best essential and non essential amino acids.Toasting time for 20 minutes gave the best mineral concentration.The experimental diet with 25% inclusion level of WMC gave the best growth performance and feed utilization in the fingerlings, juveniles and adults respectively. The percentage weight gain (PWG), Specific growth rate (SGR), Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and Protein efficiency ratio (PER) in the fingerlings were 91.50%, 1.78g, 1.64g and 1.66g, juveniles were 48.00%, 2.33g, 1.12g and 1.66g and adults were 44.00%, 0.61%, 0.89g and 1.17g respectively. The apparent digestibility of the feed in fingerlings of C.gariepinus clearly shows that the 25% inclusion level was the best with apparent protein digestibility (APD) value of 62.58%, apparent lipid digestibility (ALD) 50.75%, apparent dry matter digestibility (ADD) 39.62% and apparent carbohydrate digestibility (ACD) 40.80%. Similarly, in the juveniles theapparent protein digestibility (APD)was 70.72%, apparent lipid digestibility (ALD) 58.67%, 48.58% and apparent carbohydrate digestibility (ACD) 40.98% and in adults were apparent protein digestibility (APD) 80.65%, apparent lipid digestibility (ALD) 69.54%, apparent dry matter digestibility (ADD) 64.43% and apparent carbohydrate digestibility (ACD) 66.61% respectively. The hamaetological parameters at 25%
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inclusion of water melon seed cakein the fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were parked cell volume (PCV) 27.80%, white blood cell (WBC) 24.80%, red blood cell (RBC) 6.88% and haemoglobin (Hb) 15.73%, juveniles were parked cell volume (PVC) 43.06%, white blood cell (WBC) 33.80%, red blood cell (RBC) 8.74% and haemoglobin (Hb) 17.71% . In adults the haemoglobin parameters were parked cell volume (PCV) 53.34%, white blood cell (WBC) 34.87%, red blood cell (RBC) 10.44% and haemoglobin (Hb) 21.84%. The carcass proximate composition in the fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were crude protein 30.45% CP, 3.11% lipid, 4.67% ash and 2.19% fibre, while juveniles were 44.90% CP, 5.47% lipid, 6.70% ash and 2.66% fibre. The adults had 68.69% CP, 8.62% lipid, 13.55% ash and 3.14% fibre. The mean final weight, mean yield cost N 357.00k, mean net profit N 323.00k, benefit cost ratio N 1.00 and incidence of cost N 0.82 were best at 25% inclusion level in all the experimental diets.Feed formulated for experimentwere dietswhich contained water melon seed cake and soy bean as the control at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the total dietary protein.Feed were formulated using Pearson’ssquarewith crude protein at 45%, 42% and 40% for the fingerlings, juveniles and adults growth stages.The experiment was conducted for a period of 180 days in plastic tankshaving water holding capacity of 360 litres, which had stocking density of 20 fingerlings per tank and three replicates. The fish were fed three times daily at 5% body weight. Data obtained from the completely randomized experiment were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results suggested that water melon can be used to substitute soy bean meal up to 25% levels of dietary protein in Clarias gariepinus at fingerlings, juveniles and adults growth stages without serious retardation in growth. Based on the relative cost of diets per unit weight gain and protein, 25% water melon cake meal was most economical.
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The differences observed in growth parameters such as MWG, PWG, SGR, PER and FCRwere attributed to the anti-nutrients present in the feed and these compound increased with increasing levels of water melon diets of the fish. Therefore, more studies need to be carried out to determine possible and simple methods tofurther reduce the anti-nutrients to a level that would enhance better growth performance of Clarias gariepinus at fingerlings, juveniles and adults growth stages.
Description
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,ZARIA. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) IN FISHERIES
Keywords
GROWTH PERFORMANCE,, VARIOUS GROWTH STAGES,, CLARIAS GARIEPINUS,, (BURCHELL, 1822),, FED VARIOUS INCLUSION,, PROCESSED WATER MELON,, (CITRULLUS LANATUS, MANSF.),, SEED CAKE DIETS,