EFFECTS OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA(L)SEED OIL ON MICROBIAL ISOLATES AND INSECT PEST(DERMESTES MACULATUS, DEGEER) OF SMOKE-DRIEDCLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)
EFFECTS OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA(L)SEED OIL ON MICROBIAL ISOLATES AND INSECT PEST(DERMESTES MACULATUS, DEGEER) OF SMOKE-DRIEDCLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)
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Date
2016-09
Authors
MAZAI, Maymunah Ummjamil
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Abstract
The study assessed the effects of Adansonia digitata (L) seed oil on Dermestes maculates (DeGeer) and isolated fungi and bacteria of smoke-dried Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822).Samples of smoke-dried catfish were bought randomly from six retailers in Samaru Market, Zaria. Baobab seeds were collected from trees within Zaria and subjected to soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether as the solvent. The extracted oil was subjected to phyto-chemical, physico-chemical and fatty acid examination using methods of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry respectively . Fungal isolates were identified using morphological and microscopical characteristics. Bacterial isolates were identified by Gram stain reaction as well as microgen identification kits. The oil was diluted to different concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by mixing with requisite amounts of Dimethyl Sulphoxide solvent. Microbial sensitivity to the different concentrations of oil was done by pouring appropriate concentration of oil into marked wells made with 8mm cork borer on potato Dextrose Agar for fungi and Mueller-Hinton agar for bacteria. The zones of inhibition were measured. Larvicidal effects were determined by soaking 5g of fish in varying volumes of oil and 15 larva introduced with three replications. Mortality readings were taken at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for each treatment. A. digitata seed oil had the following phytochemicals: Carbohydratesn (70.08%), Phenols (0.55%), Saponins (0.10%), Tannins (15.6%), Flavonoids (3.33%) and Alkaloids (19.10%) with carbohydrates having the highest proportion at a percentage of 70.08 followed by alkaloids at 19.10% and saponins having the lowest proportion at a percentage of 0.10. The relative density of the oil was 0.9029±0.0003, saponification level was 61.71±0.043mg/g, peroxide value 3.17±0.06mg/g. Eight fatty acids were identified including pentadecanoic acid, N-hexadecanoic acid, pentafluoropropionic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. The fungal isolates were found to be Aspergillus niger, Monilia sitophila, Stemphylia sp, Microcarpum narum, Trychophyton tonsurans. Seven Bacillus species and three Staphylococcus species were identified. There was no significant (P≤0.05) fungal sensitivity to the oil as shown by the lack of zones of inhibition. There was significant bactericidal activity of the oil.Bacillus circulans was resistant to the extract. Paenibacillus macerans had the highest susceptibility to the test oil with B. subtilis having the lowest. The least concentration of 0.004ml/g did not result in any larval mortality for the first 48hours but by the 96th hour, only 27% mortality was recorded. The highest concentration of 0.256ml/g gave a near perfect larval mortality by 24 hours and a total mortality by the 72nd hour. The study came to the conclusions that Adansonia digitata seed oil contained significant amounts of phyto-chemicals and also had significant effects on isolated bacteria as well as Dermestes maculatus but had no effects on isolated fungi
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A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER DEGREE IN BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
Keywords
EFFECTS,, ADANSONIA DIGITATA(L),, SEED OIL,, MICROBIAL,, ISOLATES,, INSECT PEST,, (DERMESTES MACULATUS, DEGEER),, SMOKE-DRIEDCLARIAS GARIEPINUS,, (BURCHELL, 1822),