AN EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-COCCIDIAL POTENCY OF SOME ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF POULTRY DISEASES IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
AN EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-COCCIDIAL POTENCY OF SOME ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF POULTRY DISEASES IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
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Date
2016-10
Authors
IBRAHIM, Bashirat
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Abstract
The anti-coccidial potentials of crude extracts of some folkloric ethno medicinal plants used in the treatment of poultry diseases were evaluated andsome anti-coccidial constituents were isolated and characterized from them. A total of 19 plants belonging to 14 families associated with the treatmentof various poultry diseases were identified and tested for their anti-coccidial effects. In vitro anti-coccidial efficacies of the methanolic extracts of ten ethno-veterinary plants that are frequently used in Zaria were carried out on sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella; viability and population structure of the oocysts over a 96 hr period was observed. Five different dilutions of the respective crude extracts of ten ethnomedicinal plants and Amprolium® (1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:400) in distilled water were placed in separate Petri dishes labelled appropriately. 0.01ml of a suspension of freshly sporulated oocysts of E. tenella containing 500 oocysts was added to each Petri dish. The set up was kept at room temperature, semi-covered with periodic homogenization. 0.1ml suspension of each dilution was examined microscopically after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Damaged oocysts and structure of parasite population were registered. Extracts of the different plants had anti-coccidial activities and there was a significant difference (P in the efficacies of the plant extracts. Azadirachta indica,Nauclea diderichiiandSolanum dasyphyllum extracts exerted the greatest percentage (363) (72.50%), (466) (93.2%) and (453) (90.6%) oocyst lethality. The observed efficacy was concentration dependent with significant difference (P< 0.05) between concentration 1:25; 1:50;1:100; 1:200 as well as 1:400 concentrations. Phytochemical screening of these plantmethanolic extracts showed that they all contain alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins with steroids found only in S. dasyphyllum. Acute toxicity study showed that the suspension of these extracts was not toxic when administered orally route in experimental birds at 5000mg/kg body weight. The effects of methanolic extract of S. dasyphyllum,N. diderichii and A. indica carried out in 180 coccidia-infected chickens revealed that all the infected birds in groups A1 to E1A2 to E2 as well as A3 to E3 showed clinical signs of depression, weakness, ruffled feathers and bloody diarrhoea, oocysts were detected in their faeces but absent in the non-infected birds (F1 to F3). (A1, A2 and A3 areE. tenella- infected birds and treated with Amprolium; B1, C1 and D1 areE. tenella-infected birds and treated with 1000mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg of S. dasyphyllum extract respectively; B2, C2 and D2E. tenella-infected birds and treated with 1000mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg of N. diderichii extract respectively; and B3, C3 and D3 E. tenella-infected birds and treated with 1000mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg of A. indica extract respectively;E1 –E3 are infected and untreated birds; F1-F3 are uninfected and untreated birds.After 7 day post treatment, no coccidia oocysts were found in the birds that had been treated with S. dasyphyllum and N. diderichii but scanty oocysts found in Amprolium and A. indica-treated groups. The birds in the infected, untreated groups were discharging oocysts of E. tenella up to the 14th day post infection. The fractions of S. dasyphyllum and N.diderichii as well as isolated substances, substance form Fractions from S. dasyphyllum and N. diderichii methanolic extracts respectively (BS1 and BS2) were tested for their in vitro anti-coccidial efficacies in comparison with Amprolium (the universal drug). Fractions 7 and 8 of the six N. diderichii fractions showed the highest anti-coccidial activity against sporulated oocysts of E. tenella. Fractions 6 and 9 of the six fractions of S. dasyphyllum were more efficient against sporulated oocysts of coccidia. BS2 was more potent against sporulated oocysts of E. tenella than BS1. The active anti-coccidial principles in the plants under study were characterized and contain betulinic and ursolic acids.Crude methanolic extracts of ten ethnoveterinary plants
frequently used by poultry farmers in Zaria; fractions and substances from two (S. dasyphyllum and N. diderichii) most active plant extracts had anti-coccidial efficacies
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA
Keywords
EVALUATION,, ANTI-COCCIDIAL POTENCY,, ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS,, TREATMENT,, POULTRY DISEASES,, ZARIA,, NIGERIA