NUTRIENT VALUES OF DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED SENNA OBTUSIFOLIA (LINN) SEEDS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (TEUGELS, 1982) FINGERLINGS FED THE FERMENTED MEAL

dc.contributor.authorUMARU, Onimisi Hassan
dc.date.accessioned2016-04-25T10:03:38Z
dc.date.available2016-04-25T10:03:38Z
dc.date.issued2015-06
dc.descriptionA DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DOCTOR OF SCIENCE IN FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIAen_US
dc.description.abstractThis study investigated the effects of three different processing methods (fermentation, boiling and toasting) on Senna obtusifolia seeds and replacement of soybean meal with fermented Senna obtusifolia seed meal on the growth of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Five isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isocaloric (25.7% NFE) diets were formulated in which fermented Senna obtusifolia seed meal (FSOSM) in graded levels replaced soybean meal (SBM) at 0% (FSOSM), 25% (FSOSM), 50% (FSOSM), 75% (FSOSM) and 100% (FSOSM). A commercial feed (CF) was used as reference diet. Three hundred and sixty (360) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus with mean initial weight (2.85±0.01g) were stocked at twenty (20) fish per tank in three replicates per treatment and fed the experimental diet at 3% body weight twice a day for 180 days. Feeding quantity was adjusted after every weighing fortnightly. Water pH and temperature was taken daily (8.00-9.00h) using combined pH and thermometer model pH-009(111), while the Dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined using the DO meter model DO-510. Digestibility of diets was determined using the indirect method which relies on use of an inert marker (chromic oxide). At the end of the 180 days of feeding, three fish from each treatment were randomly selected for haematological analysis. Haematological parameters such as PCV, RBC and WBC were analyzed. Fermentation for 96hrs reduced the anti-nutrient compounds by 91%, 93%, 96% and 97% for phytates, tannins, cyanide and saponins, respectively, which were higher than the values obtained for boiling and toasting. Fermentation of S. obtusifolia seeds also had highest amount of amino acid content. The water quality measured (temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH) were within range recommended for Clarias gariepinus. Nutrient utilization was not affected (p≥ 0.05) in the control and fish fed the 25% inclusion of FSOSM. The commercial, 0% and 25% FSOSM groups had the highest mean weight gain (279 and 280 g) significantly (P<0.05) higher than the diets that received 50% and 75% FSOSM, while the diets that vii received 100% FSOSM had the poorest mean weight gain (132.72g). Feed conversion ratios (FCR) ranged from (1.79 to 2.18), these values increased as the inclusion of FSOSM increased from 50 to 100%. The best FCR (1.79± 0.02) was recorded for fish fed 25% fermented. Protein intake among the fish fed 0 and 25% FSOSM was not affected (p≥0.05), fish fed 50, 75 and 100% FSOSM however, had dissimilar (p<0.05) protein intake levels. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) exhibited significant differences (P<0.05) in all treatments except in the control and fish fed the 25% SOSM. Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) among treatments CF, 0% and 25% was not affected (p≥0.05). The ANPU was highest in fish fed 0% fermented SOSM (91.6±0.04) while fish fed 75 and 100% FSOSM had the least (71.4±0.02 and 73.4±0.03) respectively. Fermented SOSM affected (p<0.05) final body carcass composition among treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficient of protein, lipid, dry matter and carbohydrates of the control and fish fed 25% FSOSM was not affected (p≥0.05). However, significant variation (p<0.05) was obtained in the apparent digestibility coefficient of protein, lipid, dry matter and carbohydrates as the inclusion levels of FSOSM in the diets increased from 50 to100%. The range of PCV, RBC and Hb were 30.05 to 39.08% , 1.85 x 106mm-3 to 3.10 x 106mm-3 and 7.81 to 10.69g/100ml respectively, these values decreased as the level of FSOSM increased in the diet significantly (P<0.05). White blood cells and lymphocyte count increased as the level of FSOSM increased in the diet and are significantly different (P<0.05). The MCHC, MCH and MCV in this study recorded their highest values in fishes fed with 100% inclusion of FSOSM. The highest benefit cost ratio and net profit (1.65 and 77.01) was recorded in fish fed 25% FSOSM. Soybean meal can be substituted with FSOSM up to 25% in the diets of Clarias gariepinus without any negative effects on the growth and feed utilization. It was recommended that S. obtusifolia seed meal be fermented, rather than heat treated in compounding feed for C. gariepinus. The inclusion of FSOSM in the diet of C. gariepinus should not exceed 25% level of substitution with soya beanen_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7761
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectNUTRIENT VALUES,en_US
dc.subjectDIFFERENTLY PROCESSED SENNA OBTUSIFOLIA,en_US
dc.subject(LINN),en_US
dc.subjectSEEDS,en_US
dc.subjectGROWTH PERFORMANCE,en_US
dc.subjectCLARIAS GARIEPINUS,en_US
dc.subject(TEUGELS, 1982),en_US
dc.subjectFINGERLINGS FED,en_US
dc.subjectFERMENTED MEAL,en_US
dc.titleNUTRIENT VALUES OF DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED SENNA OBTUSIFOLIA (LINN) SEEDS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (TEUGELS, 1982) FINGERLINGS FED THE FERMENTED MEALen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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