DETERMINATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, MINERAL ELEMENTS, HEAVY METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF KILISHI FROM SELECTED AREAS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
DETERMINATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, MINERAL ELEMENTS, HEAVY METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF KILISHI FROM SELECTED AREAS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
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Date
2016-07
Authors
SHEYIN, Thomas Saleh
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Abstract
Analysis of proximate composition, mineral composition, heavy metals concentration, microbiological counts and identification of microbial contaminants were carried out in beef and Kilishi samples that were produced and collected from six production spots in Kaduna state, Nigeria viz: Sabon Gari, Tudun Wada, Zaria city, Malali, Anguwan Sarki and Kasuwa. Also, Kilishi that was prepared in the Laboratory that served as control was analyzed. Results of proximate composition showed that Kilishi is richer in nutrients. It showed that the profile proximate parameters in the study samples is protein > crude fat > ash > moisture > carbohydrate > crude fibre. The highest protein content found was in dried beef. From the study samples, Kasuwa Kilishi had the highest protein content (64.28%), Malali Kilishi had the highest moisture and fat contents (9.25 and 22.42% respectively), while Anguwan Sarki Kilishi had the highest ash content (9.42%). Also, Tudun Wada Kilishi had the highest crude fibre content (3.42%), Zaria City Kilishi had the highest carbohydrate content (8.32%), while the Laboratory Kilishi that served as control recorded the lowest percent moisture (7.22%) and had lower values of protein and carbohydrate. Results of mineral composition showed that Kilishi contained the highest contents of Na, P and K while the concentrations of Ca and Mg found were highest in dried beef. Kasuwa Kilishi had the highest contents of Na (8281.00) and Mg (474.55) compared to other Kilishi samples. The highest values of P (8915.00) and K (9610.00) obtained were from Malali Kilishi, Tudun Wada Kilishi had the highest Ca content (459.55), while the Laboratory Kilishi had the lowest mineral contents of Ca, Mg and P. The results revealed that Kilishi contained the highest concentrations of the heavy metals. The concentrations (mgkg-1) of Fe (142.18 - 192.80), Zn (80.09 - 135.43), Pb (1.83 - 13.75) and Ni (2.08 - 19.88) in this study exceeded their threshold effects levels
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(80.00, 50.00, 0.50 and 0.50 mgkg-1/day respectively). From the study samples, Co and Mn contents (0.00 - 0.68 and 10.95 - 19.50 respectively) exceeded their threshold effects levels (0.16 and 11.00 mgkg-1/day respectively); except in Kilishi samples from Sabon Gari and Zaria City were Co was below detection limits. However, Cd and Cr were below detection limits in all the samples, while Cu contents (2.84 - 7.58) in the entire sample were below the threshold effects levels 8.0 mgkg-1/day). The Laboratory Kilishi had Co and Mn contents that were below threshold effects levels. Tudun Wada Kilishi had the highest Fe value, Sabon Gari Kilishi had the highest Zn value, Zaria City Kilishi had the highest Pb value, while Sabon Gari Kilishi had the highest Ni value. Microbiologically (cfu/g), Staphylococcus and fungi counts in all the samples (1.56 × 105 - 3.63 × 107 and 1.01 × 104 - 2.02 × 105 respectively) were above WFP recommended limits 106 and 102 respectively. Coliforms counts (0.00 - 9.61 × 106) were above WFP threshold limits in some of the study samples. However, the Mesophillic aerobic counts (0.00 - 9.03 × 105) were below the threshold effects limits of 106 with Tudun Wada Kilishi having the highest value. Microbial contaminants of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Salmonella, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Geotricum candidum were isolated in some samples with Staphylococcus aureus predominantly detected in all the samples. The Laboratory Kilishi had Mesophillic counts below detection limits, Coliform counts below the threshold effect value and Bacillus, Salmonella, E. coli, Aspergillus and Penicillium species not detected.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER DEGREE IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA
Keywords
DETERMINATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION,, MINERAL ELEMENTS,, HEAVY METAL,, MICROBIAL QUALITY,, KILISHI,, KADUNA STATE,, NIGERIA,