ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME METALS IN STREAM WATER OF THE UPPER KUBANNI DRAINAGE BASIN, SAMARU-ZARIA

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dc.contributor.authorJEB, DAVID NYOMO.
dc.date.accessioned2014-02-26T08:17:46Z
dc.date.available2014-02-26T08:17:46Z
dc.date.issued1996-10
dc.descriptionDEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ADHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA.en_US
dc.description.abstractABSTRACT The analyses of streamwaters of the Upper Kubanni Drainage Basin Samaru, Zaria were carried out to determine the concentrations of six selected metals - Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb from June to October, 1994. As a result of the huge wastes generated due to the rapid process of urbanisation, industrialisation, and agriculture, much concern has been placed recently on the metal pollution of streamwaters used as sources of public water supply. This is because of the severe impacts of the metals on health and the aquatic ecosystem. However, studies relating to the chemical quality of water in the Upper Kubanni basin have centred mainly on the A.B.U. reservoir, which is a source of domestic water supply to the A.B.U. community. Some of these studies have revealed the occurrences of chemicals such as Cl, F, I, No3, So4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb and Cu, in the A.B.U. reservoir water in varying concentrations (Ogunrombi, 1979; Udoh et al, 1987). The concentration levels of Fe and Cu in the reservoir water have significantly increased from about 2.88mg/l and below detection in 1982 to about 4.82mg/l and 0.28mg/l in 1992 (Yusuf, 1992). Therefore, increasing metal pollution of the A.B.U. reservoir water and the non-evaluation of the chemical quality of streamwater from sub-basins tributaries that empty into the A.B.U reservoir present a major problem in identifying the sources and variations of metal pollutants into the reservoir. The major aim of the study therefore, was to identify the presence and concentrations of the six selected metals in streamwaters of the Upper Kubanni basin; and the variations in their concentrations between, the months of study (temporal) and between the sub-basins (spatial); and, comparing the concentrations of the metals from sub-basin with the International Standards for Drinking Water and with the levels of the metals in the A.B.U reservoir water. vii The methodology for data collection was the use of basin out-lets that empty into the A.B.U reservoir were chosen and monitored as sampling sites for water samples collection. These sub-basins were, the Samaru (urban), Institute for Agricultural Research-I.A.R. (rural/urban), and Kampagi Hill (rural). Water samples were collected in clean plastic bottles (500ml) with screw caps, while river stage was recorded during sample collection. Maps and air photos (1:50,000) were used to determine the areas and drainage densities of the basins, and the total percentage of rural or urban landuse areas of the basins. The concentrations of the metals were determined in the laboratory using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.A.S.) after digestion of the water samples by the Nitric acid Digestion Method. The results of the laboratory analyses showed that the selected metals occur in the surface water resources of the basin in varying concentrations. Statistical analyses by means of one-way analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant temporal variations in metal concentrations between the months of study and significant spatial variations in mean total metal concentrations between the three sub-basins, due to differences in catchment characteristics such as land use and geological/geomorphological conditions. Results of linear regression analyses showed that Fe in the Samaru and IAR subbasins, Mg in the Samaru and Kampagi Hill sub-basins exhibited negative linear relationships with river stage. However the relationships between metal concentrations and river stage were not significant. Decrease in metal concentrations with river stage were observed to be due to dilutions of the metals in stream water during rising stages while increasing metal concentration with river stage were observed to be due to increasing wash off of the metals from the basin into the surface water resources. It was also observed that the non-significant relationship between metal concentrations and river stage indicated that a rise or fall in river viii stage would not always signify a correspondent increase or decrease in metal concentrations in the basin. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn compared with the WHO standards were found to be above the recommended highest desirable levels for drinking water while Cu concentration which was below detection level in the ABU reservoir water prior to 1982 was found to occur in high concentrations (1.18mg/l, 0.59mg/l and 0.25mg/l in S, I.A.R and K.H. sub-basins respectively) above the W.H.O. standards. Ca and Mg showed highest concentrations throughout the period of study and in the three sub-basins. Different sources and activities are probable sources generating these metals in the basin. Thus, it was concluded that there is increase in metal pollution of the streamwaters of the Upper Kubanni basin and consequently, the ABU reservoir water due to the concentrations of these metals in the stream water and the increases in human activities and changes in land use. The Samaru sub-basin was observed to be the major source of severe pollution hazard to the ABU reservoir. Thus, given the peculiar nature of and poor sanitary conditions especially in the Samaru township sub-basin, specific recommendations on pollution abatement and control were given to safeguard the quality of stream water in the Upper Kubanni basin. A critique of the study was made and recommendations for further studies were also given.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2683
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectANALYSIS,en_US
dc.subjectCONCENTRATIONS,en_US
dc.subjectMETALS,en_US
dc.subjectSTREAM,en_US
dc.subjectWATER,en_US
dc.subjectUPPER,en_US
dc.subjectKUBANNI,en_US
dc.subjectDRAINAGE,en_US
dc.subjectBASIN,en_US
dc.subjectSAMARU-ZARIA.en_US
dc.titleANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME METALS IN STREAM WATER OF THE UPPER KUBANNI DRAINAGE BASIN, SAMARU-ZARIAen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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