FABRICATION OF SHOE SOLE USING NATURAL RUBBER REINFORCED WITH PYROLYSED WASTE TYRE RESIDUE
FABRICATION OF SHOE SOLE USING NATURAL RUBBER REINFORCED WITH PYROLYSED WASTE TYRE RESIDUE
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Date
2025-04
Authors
SHUAIB, UMAR IBRAHIM
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Abstract
This study investigates the development of shoe sole composed of natural rubber (NR) reinforced with pyrolysed waste tire residue (PWTR). Ten samples of NR reinforced with PWTR were prepared using a two-roll mill at 65°C, with PWTR filler loadings ranging from 10 to 150 parts per hundred rubber (phr). The physicochemical properties of PWTR, including pH (6.3), moisture content (2.1%), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, were analyzed, revealing significant silicon oxide (40.054%), aluminium oxide (13.351%), and iron (III) oxide (7.1753%) content. Vulcanisation was performed at 130°C and 2.5 MPa for 30 minutes. Mechanical tests assessed tensile strength, modulus, elongation, hardness, wear rate, and coefficient of friction, while adhesive bond strength was evaluated using polyurethane and neoprene adhesives. Results indicated that 20 phr PWTR loading yielded optimal mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 10.696 MPa and modulus of 872.0 MPa. Hardness increased with filler content, whereas elongation decreased. Wear rate rose from 0.12 mm³/N•m (20 phr) to 0.81 mm³/N•m (80 phr). The presence of silicon and aluminium oxides enhanced filler-rubber interaction, improving dispersion and durability. Beyond 20 phr, agglomeration reduced performance. The coefficient of friction initially increased with PWTR due to surface roughness but declined at higher loadings due to reduced contact area. Neoprene adhesive exhibited superior bonding strength (0.833 MPa) compared to polyurethane (0.5 MPa). The study concludes that 20 phr PWTR loading is optimal for shoe sole production, offering a sustainable approach to waste tyre valorisation. This research contributes to circular economy principles by transforming waste into high-value products, promoting environmental sustainability and efficient resource utilisation.
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A THESIS SUBMITED TO THE POSTGRAUDUATE COLLEGE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN TEXTILE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA