PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND HEAVY METALS ASSESSMENT OF ‘NZU CLAY’ AND ITS EFFECT ON HAIRS OF CONSUMERS

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dc.contributor.authorAKPA, RACHEAL UJOR
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-02T13:05:28Z
dc.date.available2016-08-02T13:05:28Z
dc.date.issued2016-01
dc.descriptionA DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc) DEGREE IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA.en_US
dc.description.abstractThe assessment of the quality of the geophagious ‗Nzu Clay‘ obtained from two hills in Ozanogogo, Ika South LGA, Delta State and Uzella river, Owan West LGA in Edo State Nigeria, with the highest cation exchange capacity, bulk density and dispersibility index, 10.800±0.424 meq/100g, 0.915±0.120 gcm-3, 80.00±1.414 respectively was investigated while the pH range from 4.4 to 4.6. The concentrations of heavy metals in ‗Nzu clay‘ obtained from the hill side were significantly higher at (P < 0.05) compared to the clay from Uzella river. The concentration of heavy metals in the clay from the river side was in the order: Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Ni ˃ Cr ˃ Cd, while the one from hill side showed that Cr ˃ Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Ni ˃ Cd. The heavy metals in all the ‗Nzu clay‘ exceeded their standard limit in soil according to WHO, 2010. The hair of addicted consumers of the clay above 5 years had mean values greater than that in addicted consumers of the clay below 5 years with concentrations of the heavy metals greater than the non addicted consumers as follows, As: 25.60 ± 1.1mgkg-1, Cd: 4.35 ± 0.82, Cr: 112.47 ± 22.9, Cu: 4.04 ± 0.72, Ni: 7.62 ± 1.46, Pb: 2.99 ± 0.68 and Zn: 0.17 ± 0.22 mg/kg For consumers of the clay above 5 years, similarly the concentration of 22.44 ± 0.39, 2.59 ± 0.09, 66.06 ± 3.18, 0.52 ± 0.38, 3.95 ± 0.08, 1.14 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.03 mgkg-1 were recorded for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively for consumers below 5 years. These values exceeded the recommended dietary allowance in solid food by World Health Organization (WHO) National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). The levels of radioactive elements in ‗Nzu Clay‘ obtained using Hyper Pure Germanium detector indicated that the average specific activities of 40K, 238U and 232Th ranged from 54.45 ± 32.45 to 127.60 ± 14.7, 21.35 ± 6.28 to 38.75 ± 4.67 and 26.83 ± viii 13.94 to 44.51 ± 1.16 Bq/kg respectively. The radionuclides detected in ‗Nzu Clay‘ are all lower than the worldwide averages by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, (UNSCEAR) 2000. The mean absorbed dose rate by the ‗Nzu Clay‘ was 48.86 nGy/h, and is within the world average of 60nGy/h. The mean Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose (AGED) in the ‗Nzu Clay‘ was 207.1Sv/y, which is relatively high. The radium equivalent activity index, representative Gamma Index (Iyr), external hazard index (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin) indicated a negligible health hazard in consuming the ‗Nzu Clay‘. The XRD analysis revealed that the ‗Nzu clay‘ was dominantly kaolinite and quartz. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that the ‗Nzu Clay‘ be continually banned with appropriate defined measures.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/8325
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectPHYSICO-CHEMICAL,en_US
dc.subjectHEAVY METALS ASSESSMENT,en_US
dc.subject‘NZU CLAY’,en_US
dc.subjectEFFECT,en_US
dc.subjectHAIRS,en_US
dc.subjectCONSUMERS,en_US
dc.titlePHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND HEAVY METALS ASSESSMENT OF ‘NZU CLAY’ AND ITS EFFECT ON HAIRS OF CONSUMERSen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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