ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF GOMPHRENA AND VERNONIA EXTRACTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES AND CANDIDA SPECIES FROM WOMEN WITH VULVOVAGINITIS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA

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dc.contributor.authorOGUNDANA, Esther Iyadunni
dc.date.accessioned2017-11-28T11:16:10Z
dc.date.available2017-11-28T11:16:10Z
dc.date.issued2015-03
dc.descriptionA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc) DEGREE IN BOTANY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIAen_US
dc.description.abstractA total of 300 samples of High Vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected from women of reproductive age (15-50 years) for suspected vaginitis at Ahmadu Bello University, Health Care Center and Samaru Clinic, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The specimens were investigated for the presence of Candida species and Staphylococcus species and the effect of Gomphrena celosioides and Vernonia perrottetii extracts on the isolates. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was performed against Candida spp and Staphylococcus spp isolated using agar well diffusion method. Total number of 153(51%) patients were found to be infected, with 79(26.3%) having Candidiasis and 74(24.7%) having Staphylococcal vaginal infection. Organisms were found to be more prevalent among the age group of 21-30 years followed by 31-40 years old. There was a significant association in the use of birth control pills, tight underwear, tight clothing, pregnancy and vaginitis (χ 2 = 82.78, p<0.001 OR =20.07 CI = 9.192 to 43.79, χ 2 = 23.06 p<0.001 OR = 4.836 CI = 2.440 to 9.587, χ 2 = 8.292 p<0.004 OR = 2.385 CI = 1.306 to 4.354, χ 2 = 30.95 p<=0.0001 OR = 4.338 CI = 2.541 to 7.405, respectively). There was no significant (p>0.05) association between age and vaginitis, marital status, use of vagina cream by the respondents and the use of antibiotics and vaginitis infections (χ 2 = 4.560, p = 0.2070, df = 3; χ 2 = 0.06609, p = 0.7971, df = 1; χ 2 = 2.796, p = 0.0945, OR = 1.679, CI = 0.9108 to 3.096, and χ 2 = 0.05774, p = 0.4473, OR = 0.8367, CI=0.5281 to 1.326 respectively). Biochemical characterization of the 50 randomly selected Candida spp using API 20 AUXC showed that Candida tropicalis were isolated from 13(4.33/26%) followed by C. glabrata and C. albicans 3(1%/6%) and (1%/6%), C. parasiplosis and C. lambica 1(2%/0.33%) and 1(2%/0.33%), respectively. The results of the ten randomly selected Staphylococcus spp using Microgen kit also showed that S. vii xylosus, S. aureus and Staphylococcus spp were present in 3 samples 3(1%) and 3(1%) respectively and, S. warneri in one sample 1(0.3%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed for both Candida spp and Staphylococcus spp using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that the organisms exhibited multiple resistances against ketoconazole among the 5 antifungal drugs used. The plant extracts sensitivity showed that almost all the Candida spp isolated were resistant to the plant extracts both singly and in combination, except for only 7 isolates that were susceptible at 2000mg/ml to V. perrottetii extracts. The results of the aqueous plant extracts sensitivity against Staphylococcus species at 500mg/ml and 1000mg/ml showed that V. perrottetii produced a zone of inhibition greater than the one produced by the antibiotics used for S. xylosus (a). The methanol extracts of Vernonia perrottetii (100mg/ml) showed that S. xylosus (a) had the same zone of inhibition as the antibiotic used (amoxycillin). Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the two plant also did better for S. aureus where the antibiotics did not produce any zone of inhibition. The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration of Vernonia perrottetii (aq) MIC500/MBC>1000 showed bacteriostatic activity against only one organism. V. perrottetii (Me) tested against all the organisms exhibited bacteriostatic activity MIC500/MBC>1000 respectively. Aqueous combination of the extracts MIC500/MBC>1000 exhibited bacteriostatic activity to S. aureus and methanol combination of the extracts was bactericidal to S. xylosus. The present study showed that there was a high prevalence of Candida spp and Staphylococcus spp as well as strong association with some of the risk factors for vaginitis, and this suggest that, public enlightening should be carried out among women. It can be deduced from this study that the combination of the plant extracts did not perform better against both Candida spp and Staphylococcus spp isolated than when applied singly or in combination, implying that the two selected plant extracts might not viii be combine together. It is therefore suggested that the individual plants be combined with other plants to see if a better result could be obtaineden_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://kubanni.abu.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9584
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS,en_US
dc.subjectGOMPHRENA,en_US
dc.subjectVERNONIA EXTRACTS,en_US
dc.subjectSTAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES,en_US
dc.subjectCANDIDA SPECIES,en_US
dc.subjectWOMEN,en_US
dc.subjectVULVOVAGINITIS,en_US
dc.subjectZARIA NIGERIA,en_US
dc.titleANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF GOMPHRENA AND VERNONIA EXTRACTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES AND CANDIDA SPECIES FROM WOMEN WITH VULVOVAGINITIS IN ZARIA, NIGERIAen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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