PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED PLANT EXTRACTS ON ESCHERICHIA COLI, SALMONELLA TYPHI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED PLANT EXTRACTS ON ESCHERICHIA COLI, SALMONELLA TYPHI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
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Date
2014-04
Authors
AYODELE, Solomon Bolarinwa
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Abstract
This study screened the phytochemical composition and antibacterial susceptibility of selected plant extracts on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The combination of selected plant materials which is already being used as herbal mixture (Zang cure) was obtained in powdered form from a traditional medical practitioner in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The plant combination included the leaves, stem barks, roots, bulbs and rhizomes of Annogeissus leiocarpus (Hausa: marke), Ximenia americana (Hausa: tsada), Aloe vera (Hausa: rodon daji), Allium sativum (Hausa: tafarnuwa), Allium ascalonicum (Hausa: albasa maigo), Cymbopogon citratus (Hausa: tsagre), Citrus aurantifolia (Hausa: lemun zaƙi), Garcinia kola (Hausa: namijin goro), Cola acuminata (Hausa: goro), Strephonema pseudocola (Hausa: kanyia), Costus afer (Hausa: tumfafiyar kada), Zingiber officinale (Hausa: citta) and Cyperus rotundus (Hausa: ayah). Plant materials were also collected from the field while some were purchased from markets in Zaria, Kaduna, Kafanchan and Jos to replicate the herbal mixture (Zang Cure) with a known proportion of the constituent plants. Two hundred (200 g) of the plant powder was sequentially extracted with petroleum-ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by Soxhlet extraction method. Another one hundred (100 g) of the plant powder was extracted with distilled water to obtain the aqueous extract. Two hundred (200 g) of air-dried and pulverised mixture of the plant materials obtained from the forests and markets was also extracted with distilled water to obtain a second aqueous extract. All the extracts were subjected to standard phytochemical qualitative screening for the presence or absence of various primary or secondary metabolites. The susceptibility test of the plant extracts on E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus were done using the agar well diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin
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(10 μg) was used as control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined in five concentrations; 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml of each extract. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) of the extracts were also determined. The phytochemicals screening of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and interpenetrates. The aqueous, methanolic and second aqueous extracts had no inhibitory effect on the Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and S. typhi but showed inhibitory effects on the Gram-positive S. aureus, with activity increasing with increase in concentration of extracts. The second aqueous extract only showed activity on S. aureus at higher concentrations (50 and 100 mg/ml). The chloroform, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts showed activity on all three bacteria. The extracts exhibited bacteriostatic effects on the test organisms at lower concentrations and bactericidal effects at higher concentrations. The results justifies the claim that the selected plant combination is efficacious in the management of diseases, particularly those that relate to E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus, such as gastroenteritis, meningitis, diarrhoea, typhoid fever, pneumonia, boils, wound and urinary tract infections.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE, MASTERS IN BIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA
APRIL, 2014
Keywords
PHYTOCHEMICAL,, ANALYSIS, ANTIBACTERIAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY,, SELECTED PLANT,, EXTRACTS,, ESCHERICHIA COLI,,, SALMONELLA TYPHI,, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.