PREPARATION AND STUDIES OF BIODIESELS FROM THEVETIA PERUVIANA (YELLOW OLEANDER) SEED OIL AND SUS DOMESTICUS (PIG) LARD
PREPARATION AND STUDIES OF BIODIESELS FROM THEVETIA PERUVIANA (YELLOW OLEANDER) SEED OIL AND SUS DOMESTICUS (PIG) LARD
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Date
2015-12
Authors
DALLATU, YAKUBU ALI
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Abstract
Studies of biodiesels from Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) seeds oil (YO) and Sus domesticus (pig lard) (PL) were carried out. Oil was extracted from YO and PL rendered from pig fat, which yielded 64.7% and 85.4% oil respectively. Some physicochemical parameters: flash points of 192oC and 165oC, calorific values of 13.79MJ/Kg and 12.02MJ/kg were obtained for YO and PL respectively. The FTIR analyses of the YO, PL and biodiesel showed the carbonyl functional group at 1739 cm-1 to 1745cm-1 as the most intense and prominent bands. The carbonyl (-C=O vibration) group of esters showed strong absorption bands at 1740cm-1 in the IR spectra of the biodiesels, indicating the presence of fatty acid methyl esters. The GC-MS analysis of the oils and biodiesels showed about 80% saturated/ monounsaturated fatty acids in both YO and PL, signifying high potential for biodiesel production. Biodiesels were prepared from the YO and PL using the base- catalyzed transesterification method. Biodiesel yields increased with increase in temperature and reaction time with minimal effect of catalyst concentration. The condition adjudged to be optimal for transeterification of YO and PL was at a temperature of 60oC, reaction time of 60 min and catalyst concentration of 1% w/w. Under this condition biodiesel yields were found to be 97.41% for yellow oleander methyl ester (YOME) and 95.12% for pig lard methyl ester (PLME) respectively. There was similarity in fatty acid composition in both YOME and PLME, with high oleic acid (57.84%), palmitic acid (15.56% to18.07%), stearic acid was in the range of 15.98% to 15. 65%, which placed them as better substitutes for fossil diesel. Fuel properties of blends (B10 to B50) of YOME and PLME with fossil diesel (FD) agreed with the ASTM specifications for biodiesels. The Kinematic viscosities of PLME-blends (from 3.76mm2/s in B10 to 4.84 mm2/s in B90) fall within the allowable limits of 3.5 - 5.0 mm2/s specified by ASTM D6751. The kinematic viscosities of YOME blends B60
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(5.04 mm2/s) and B90 (6.53 mm2/s) were above the ASTM limit. The specific gravity of the blended fuels of PLME-FD was not affected by the increasing biodiesel portion in the blend. All the blends show low cloud points above the ASTM limit of 4oC (except for B10 and B20 blends of YOME which are 3oC and 4oC respectively). At elevated temperatures of 100oC - 250oC specific gravities of all blends decreased while kinematic viscosity decreased with increase in treatment temperature. Long time storage of biodiesel fuels showed a steady increase in flash point, density, kinematic viscosity and acid value, with a decrease in peroxide and calorific value over the storage period of 120 days. As fraction of B100 increase in blends, the calorific value decreased by 1.10% in B20, 2.43% in B40 and 2.63% in B80 in YOME blends. Rate of decrease in calorific values also gets higher with storage time. Biodiesels from mixtures of YO and PL (ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) gave high cloud point and low cetane numbers, however, their flash points, specific gravity and viscosity were all within the ASTM limits for biodiesel. Flash points of PL:YO (1:1) FAME and PL:YO (1:2) FAME were higher than that of FD (88oC). Biodiesel from yellow oleander seed oil was found to be a better substitute for conventional diesel than biodiesel from pig lard.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA.
Keywords
PREPARATION,, STUDIES,, BIODIESELS,, THEVETIA PERUVIANA,, (YELLOW OLEANDER),, SEED OIL,, SUS DOMESTICUS,, (PIG,, LARD,