COMPARATIVE ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTI-VENOM AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF INDIGOFERA CAPITATA KOTSCHY AND INDIGOFERA CONFERTA GILLETT IN ALBINO RATS
COMPARATIVE ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTI-VENOM AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF INDIGOFERA CAPITATA KOTSCHY AND INDIGOFERA CONFERTA GILLETT IN ALBINO RATS
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Date
2016-10
Authors
KADIRI, SAIDU
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Abstract
This study was conducted to establish and compare anti-bacterial, anti-venom and phytochemical properties of Indigofera capitata and I. conferta in albino rats. The two species of plants belong to the family Fabaceae. They are found growing on red soil or old farm land. The two plant materials were collected, dried, grounded and successively extracted using maceration with petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous. The extract of each solvent of the two plants was used for acute toxicity studies, in-vitro anti-bacterial and in-vivo anti-venom studies: Oedema forming activity, bleeding and clotting time and histopathological examination of liver, kidney and heart were also carried out. The most active extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were further subjected to thin layer chromatographic (TLC) studies. Antibacterial activities of all the extracts (petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous) of both plants showed significant effects (P<0.05) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Indigofera conferta petroleum ether extract had MIC of 6.2 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml, ethanol extract showed MIC of 12.5 mg/ml and MBC of 25.0 mg/ml and aqueous extract showed MIC of 6.25 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml and 50.0 mg/ml while Indigofera capitata petroleum ether had MIC of 3.125 mg/ml and 50.0 mg/ml and MBC of 6.25 mg/ml and >50.0 mg/ml, ethanol extract MIC of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml and MBC of 25.0 mg/ml and 50.0 mg/ml, aqueous extract had MIC of 3.125 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml and MBC of 6.25 mg/ml and 50.0 mg/ml against the two bacterial strains respsctively. The results of bleeding and clotting time showed that, all the extracts of both plants showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in the bleeding and clotting time of envenomed rats. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Indigofera capitata were more effective at dose of 300 mg/kg with lowest clotting time of 174±3.67 second and 1000 mg/kg with lowest bleeding time of 228±3.00 second while in the case of Indigofera conferta at high dose of 1000 mg/kg with lowest clotting time of 173±5.61 second (ethanol extract) and lowest bleeding time of 234±7.64 second (aqueous extract) compared with the positive control. Oedema forming activity was also inhibited by ethanol and aqueous extracts of the two plants and the effects were more effective at higher dose of 300 mg/kg(ethanol extract) and 1000 mg/kg (aqueous extract) with lowest oedema forming activity of 108.80±1.90 and 102.00±1.90 (%mm) respectively of Indigofera capitata while Indigofera conferta at dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of aqueous extract with the lowest oedema forming activities of 100.8±1.89, 100.20±1.90 and 100.60±1.90 (percentage millimeter) respectively compared with the positive control. The histopathological examination of the kidney, heart and liver showed that ethanol and aqueous extracts of both plants were found to have more tissues protective effects at doses of 300 mg/kg (ethanol extract) and 1000 mg/kg (aqueous extract of Indigofera capitata while Indigofera conferta at doses 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of both ethanol and aqueous extracts against the N. nigricollis envenomed rats. Thin layer chromatographic profile of the most active extracts (ethanol and aqueous) indicated that, both plants contained flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, triterpenes, anthraquinone and alkaloids. The present studies had established that, the two plant species had antibacterial and antivenom activities especially against Naja nigricollis as claimed by some traditional medical practitioners and therefore isolation of the active constitutes in the two plants should be carried out
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN BOTANY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,
ZARIA, NIGERIA
Keywords
COMPARATIVE ANTIBACTERIAL,, ANTI-VENOM,, PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES,, INDIGOFERA CAPITATA KOTSCHY,, INDIGOFERA CONFERTA GILLETT,, ALBINO RATS,