ECOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS PRODUCTION BY CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) IN RIVER GALMA, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
ECOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS PRODUCTION BY CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) IN RIVER GALMA, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
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Date
2016-09
Authors
SAMUEL, OZOVEHE PATRICK
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Abstract
Ecotoxicity assessment of non-enzymatic antioxidant production by Clarias gariepinus in River Galma were investigated in March and August, 2015. 120 specimens (60 per exposure) of 20-45g size range of juveniles were exposed for 14 days in a cage system at five different locations along the river course in an in situ bioassay in River Galma. Water samples for physico-chemical determination were collected from the same stations over a period of six months (March - August, 2015). The non-enzymatic antioxidants, Glutathione, Vitamins E and C produced in the fish as well as the histopathology of the organs (liver and kidney) were assayed for following standard methods. Heavy metal (Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn and Mn) concentrations were tested for in digested pooled samples of water, livers and gills of the fish. It showed that the physico-chemical parameters had significant differences (P<0.05) in DO (1.43±0.08mg/L to 3.67±0.4mg/L). This was important in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the environment of the fish culminating in the various antioxidant responses obtained. Significant differences in BOD (1.13±0.12mg/L to 5.43±0.45 mg/L), sulphate (0.02±0.00mg/L) to 0.65±0.07mg/mL), nitrate (0.05±0.00mg/L to 0.38±0.02mg/L), phosphate-phosphorus (0.03±0.01mg/L to 0.46±0.03mg/L) were indicative of the presence of organic pollutants in River Galma. pH (4.45±0.13 to 8.72±0.05) indicated slightly alkaline and acidic environment. Other parameters that were significant include Hardness of water, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, water temperature and electrical conductivity. The glutathione concentrations showed significant differences in the kidney of the fish (19.50±8.60μg (station 1) to 98.51±35.52μg (station 5)). There was also significant difference in the glutathione concentrations of the gill samples (66.78±12.76μg/mL to 121.85±19.16μg/mL). Bio-assay of glutathione in kidney and gill of Clarias gariepinus offered good prospect for in situ determination of effects of pollution in River Galma. Vitamin C concentrations showed significant difference in the gills (3.67±3.11mg/mL (station 4) to 8.46±8.46 mg/mL (station 1)) and in the liver
(1.08±0.79mg/mL (Station 5) to 6.83±6.30mg/mL (station 4)) of the fish exposed. Mean values of vitamin E production in the gills and livers of the fish ranged from 14.72±14.72mg/mL (station 1) to 68.08±34.27mg/mL (station 5) and 22.26±22.26mg/mL (station 1) to 47.72±10.52mg/mL (station 4) respectively. Vitamin C offers a good prospect as biomarker of oxidative stress than vitamin E. Heavy metal concentrations of water samples of River Galma and samples of organs of fish exposed in the river had significant differences in the zinc and manganese concentrations in all the exposures. Manganese (11.43±0.56mg/L in water samples) and chromium (0.379±0.29 to 0.834±0.17mg/L in fish organs) exceeded the set limits of 2.0-9.0mg/day wet weight and 0.05- 0.15 mg/ kg respectively. This therefore, calls for ameliorative actions by relevant authority. Stations 2 and 4 were the most polluted sites along River Galma in terms of DO with the lowest concentrations of 0.8mg/L and 1.3mg/L in stations 2 and 4 respectively. Likewise, the lowest pH values were 4.38 and 4.27 in stations 2 and 4 respectively. Highest values of 140ppm and164ppm were also obtained in stations 2 and 4 respectively. This was also evident in the severe histopathological damages in the kidneys of the fish exposed at these stations. The histopathology of the liver and kidney of Clarias gariepinus exposed to River Galma indicated various changes in the architecture. These include vacoulation, constriction, and aggregation of cells, hypertrophy, necrosis and infiltration to congestion of blood vessels.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, NIGERIA, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER DEGREE IN BIOLOGY
Keywords
ECOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT,, NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS PRODUCTION,, CLARIAS GARIEPINUS,, RIVER GALMA,, ZARIA,, KADUNA STATE,, NIGERIA