MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN PARTS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

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dc.contributor.authorOKPO, Ngozi Ogbeyalu
dc.date.accessioned2017-09-22T08:20:32Z
dc.date.available2017-09-22T08:20:32Z
dc.date.issued2017-02
dc.descriptionA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIAen_US
dc.description.abstractMilk and milk products play an important role in food borne diseases. Three hundred and twenty (320) samples comprising of eighty (80) each of fresh milk, Nono, Manshanu and Kindrimo obtained from four local government areas (Giwa, Kaduna North, Chikun and Soba) in Kaduna State, were examined. The chemical compositions of samples, bacteriological and molecular characteristics of isolates were carried out using standard methods. Results of the chemical characteristics of the samples revealed that no significant (P≤0.05) difference existed in the pH and acidity of fresh milk and milk products samples from the selected locations. Mean pH values of samples ranged from 3.36 ± 0.23 to 6.43 ±0.27 while mean acidity values was 0.47 ± 0.13 to 3.28 ± 0.49. Acidity values for other milk products; Nono (1.87 ± 0.80), Manshanu (3.28 ± 0.49) and Kindrimo (1.78 ± 0.97) were significantly different from fresh milk (0.47 ± 0.13). Mean values of the proximate composition of the samples revealed that their total solids contents were within the recommended (>12.5%) WHO/FAO standard. Results also showed that milk products except fresh milk had low ash and protein contents compared to WHO/FAO standards of 0.90 ± 0.10 and 4.00 ± 0.10 for ash and protein respectively. Mean total viable counts for samples ranged from log103.90 ± 3.18 cfu/ml (Manshanu) to log10 6.04 ± 5.04 cfu/ml (Nono). Mean counts obtained from Manshanu were significantly different from that obtained from other products, though there was no significant difference at (p≤0.05) between the total viable counts obtained from Nono (log10 6.04 ± 5.04 cfu/ml) and Kindrimo (log105.95 ± 4.89 cfu/ml). Prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria was 42.19% (135) while Acinetobacter haemolyticus and Salmonella pullorum had the least percentage occurrence of 0.7% and Staphylococcus spp. had the highest percentage occurrence of 41.48% in the samples. Antibiogram of bacterial isolates revealed high activity for gentamicin (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%) and chloramphenicol (96.55%). Resistance was shown (65.52%) to tetracycline a commonly used antibiotics reflecting a public health concern. Most resistant isolates had a multiple antibiotics index of 0.2 (35%) with a least multiple antibiotics resistance index of 0.5 (5%). The study also revealed the occurrence and expression of classical Staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene 17.9% (19), B 17.9% (5), C 10.7% (3) and D gene 7.1% (2) by enterotoxin producing strains of S. ix aureusin the fresh milk and milk products. Molecular screening for virulence genes in the S. aureus and Salmonella pullorum isolates showed 35% (7) S. aureus strains to harbour genes for enterotoxin A with B 5% (1). The Mec A gene was detected in 55% (11) of the S. aureus strains while in the Salmonella pullorum isolate neither the Inv A nor the Sal Stn gene were detected. Findings of this research shows that the nutritional content of the fresh milk and milk products were of appreciable nutritional status. However the high total viable counts and high presence of a wide range of microorganisms, particularly enteric pathogens and enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus suggests that fresh milk and milk products might be an important source of food-borne infection and intoxication.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/9185
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectANTIBIOGRAMen_US
dc.subjectMOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM,en_US
dc.subjectSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS,
dc.subjectSALMONELLA SPP,
dc.subjectMILK PRODUCTS,
dc.subjectKADUNA STATE,
dc.subjectNIGERIA
dc.titleMOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN PARTS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIAen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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