EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM COMMUNITY TREATMENT WITH IVERMECTIN ON ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS AND THE SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM VECTOR IN PARTS OF KADUNA STATE
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM COMMUNITY TREATMENT WITH IVERMECTIN ON ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS AND THE SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM VECTOR IN PARTS OF KADUNA STATE
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Date
2014-07
Authors
ISIYAKU, SUNDAY
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Abstract
This study assessed the impact of long-term treatment with ivermectin in Kagarko, Lere
and Kauru onchocerciasis foci of Kaduna State by parasitological, entomological and
economic evaluation of the onchocerciasis control programme including its cost
effectiveness. Epidemiological evaluation of infection status was done by
parasitological examination of skin snips of individuals in 10 communities in Kagarko
LGA of Kaduna State, where there was an 80.6% administrative coverage after 4 – 10
rounds of ivermectin treatment. Of the 973 (56% of total population) people examined
only 3 (0.31%) were positive for microfilariae and none had ocular microfilaria. A total
of 24,937 Simulium damnosum were caught in two rivers, Rivers Galma and Gurara in
Lere and Kagarko foci respectively. No breeding site was identified in Kauru focus.
The flies were analyzed for the presence of O. volvulus DNA using the O-150 PCR
assay which detected 23 positive pools out of the 250 pools (100 flies/pool). The
prevalence was calculated using the Poolscreen 2.0. The prevalence of infective flies
(L3 in the head) was 0 – 1.5/1,000 flies in R. Galma and 0.38 – 0.83/1,000 flies in R.
Gurara while prevalence of infected flies (L1 and L2 in the body) was 1 – 1.9/1,000
flies in R. Galma and 0.4 – 0.5/1,000 in R. Gurara (p=0·0095%, 95% CI of 0.58-3.76 in
head and body pools). The prevalence of infective flies was higher than 0.05%
prevalence rate used as a standard to determine suppression of transmission. The
economic evaluation indicated that the programme was cost effective and the control of
the disease resulted in improved economic productivity. This study provides further
evidence to strengthen the potential for elimination of onchocerciasis and in the
development of guidelines for elimination of the disease in Nigeria and elsewhere.
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
JULY 2014
Keywords
EFFECTS,, LONG-TERM,, COMMUNITY,, TREATMENT,, IVERMECTIN,, ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS,, INFECTIONS,, HUMANS,, SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM,, VECTOR,, PARTS,, KADUNA STATE.