LEAD AND CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IM MEAT OBTAINED FROM RUMINANTS SLAUGHTERED IN GUSAU, ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA AND RISK ASSESMENT FOR THEIR CONSUMPTION
LEAD AND CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IM MEAT OBTAINED FROM RUMINANTS SLAUGHTERED IN GUSAU, ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA AND RISK ASSESMENT FOR THEIR CONSUMPTION
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2015-08
Authors
MIKAILU, Gladys Esther
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Contamination of food by heavy metals has made dietary intake one of the major routes of these
harmful elements to human beings. This work was designed to determine the levels of lead, and
cadmium concentrations in beef, mutton and camel meat and to assess the risk for their
consumption in Gusau, Zamfara State Nigeria. Also a survey on public awareness of heavy
metal poisoning in Gusau, was carried out. A total of 300 samples of beef, mutton and camel
meat were purchased from different retail points in Gusau, transported to the Food Science
Research Laboratory in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The meat samples were dried at 160o C
for two hours, crushed into fine powder, then 10 g of the fine powdered sample was weighed into
porcelain crucible which was ignited in a muffle furnace at 800o C for six to eight hours and
allowed to cool in desiccators, 0.1 gram weight of the ash was placed inside a conical flask, a
mixture of nitric, perchloric and sulphuric acid was added and heated on sand bath, fordigestion, until a clear liquid solution was formed. The solution was filtered using Whatman 42
filter paper and the volume was made up to 25 cm3 with de-ionized water. The solutio
ns were
passed through for atomic absorption spectrometry analyses. The highest concentration of lead
(mg/kg), was from camel meat (98.37 ±27.89 mg/kg) followed by beef (93.53± 29.17 mg/kg)
and the least was mutton (71.76 ± 43.23 mg/kg).The highest concentration of cadmium (mg/kg),
was from beef (21.43 ± 7.96 mg/kg) followed by camel meat of (18.30 ± 5.76 mg/kg) and the
least was mutton (5.88± 1.57 mg/kg). Daily intakes (DI) were calculated based on estimates of
average daily meat intake, bodyweight and concentrations of either lead or cadmium in the test
meats. Therefore DI for lead show that children had a higher daily intake of lead with camel
meat contributing the highest (231.19 μg) followed by beef (219.79 μg) and the least was mutton
(175.81μg), whereas adults had lower daily intakes of lead with camel meat contributing the
highest (96.97 μg) followed by beef at (92.19 μg), and the least was mutton at (70.73 μg).
Children also had a higher daily intake of cadmium with beef contributing the highest (50.36 μg),
followed by camel meat (50.36 μg), and the least being mutton (13.82 μg), whereas adults had lower daily intakes of cadmium with beef contributing the highest at (21.12 μg) followed by
camel meat at (18.04 μg) and the least being mutton (6.79 μg). The estimated daily dietary intake
(EDI) of lead and cadmium for children and adults in μ/kg/bw/day showed that camel meat
contributed a slightly higher estimate of the combined metals for children at 274.21 μg/day
above beef at 260.15 μg/day, and mutton contributing 189.69 μg/day being the lowest, whereas
for adults, camel meat and beef contributed the same at 114.31 μg/day and 114.01 μg/day and the
least was mutton 76.52 μg/day respectively. Hazard Risk Index (HRI) from consumption of the
various meat showed that the risk for children‘s‘ consumption of lead and cadmium in beef is at
0.12 and 5, mutton at 0.12 and 1.3 and camel meat at 0.13 and 4.3 whereas the risk for adults‘
consumption of beef was at 0.05 and 2.1, mutton at 0.04 and 0.57 and camel meat at 0.05 and 1.8
respectively. The study also showed some level of awareness of lead poisoning among the
respondents in Gusau with increasing awareness of the risks posed by domestic exposure to lead,
particularly to children. This study has established that there are high levels of lead and cadmium
concentrations in beef, mutton, and camel meat sold and consumed in Gusau, Zamfara State,
Nigeria above the guideline values established by different food regulatory agencies. This is of
public health significance
Description
A THESIS SUBMITED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU
BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF A
MASTER’S DEGREE IN VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE
MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE
MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA.
Keywords
LEAD,, CADMIUM CONCENTRATION,, MEAT OBTAINED,, RUMINANTS SLAUGHTERED,, GUSAU,, ZAMFARA STATES,, NIGERIA, RISK ASSESMENT,, CONSUMPTION,