PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSES OF THE STEM BARK OF Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith Bruce) AND AERIAL PART OF Spillanthes acmella (Murr)
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSES OF THE STEM BARK OF Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith Bruce) AND AERIAL PART OF Spillanthes acmella (Murr)
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Date
2013-01
Authors
ISAH, YINUSA
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Abstract
Phytochemical studies and antimicrobial analyses of the root and stem bark of
Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith Bruce) and the aerial plant parts of Spillanthes acmella
(Murr) were carried out. The phytochemical screening of the root and stem bark of
Sarcocephalus latifolius revealed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside (root),
anthraquinones, cardiac glycoside, saponins, steroid and triterpenes, flavonoids
(root),tannins (stem-bark) and alkaloids in plant parts studied. While the aerial plant part of
Spillanthes acmella showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, anthraquinones,
cardiac glycoside, saponins, steroid triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The
microbial screening of the crude extracts of the plants were carried out on the following
clinical microbes; Methycilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus
aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Escherichia
coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Salmonella typhi,
Shigellia dysenteric ,Candida albicans, Candida virusei, and Candida tropicalis to
determine their activities. The extracts from Sarcocephalus latifolius showed that six,
seven (7), ten (10) and seven (7) microorganisms were sensitive to the petroleum ether,
chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions respectively. while the activities for the
extracts from Spillanthes acmella showed that eight (8), nine (9), eight (8) and nine of
the microorganisms were sensitive to the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and
methanol fractions respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC),
Minimum Bacterial Concentrations (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations
(MFC) of the extracts from Sarcocephalus latifolius stem bark and aerial plant parts of
Spillanthes acmella were carried out and the values determined respectively. An attempted,
chromatographic separation of the methanol extract of Sarcocephalus latifolius bark
yielded EFSB, SB-C1 and SB-C2 while the petroleum ether fraction of Spillanthes acmella
afforded SPEC-1. These compounds were characterized by 1-D and 2-D NMR spectra
technique and comparison made with those of literature to be a mixture of sitosterol and
sitostenone, sitosterol, betunilic acid and stigmasterol respectively. The isolated and
characterized compounds were subjected to microbial screening and their activities
compared with standard drugs. EFSB (mixture of sitosterol and sitostenone) showed
sensitivity to all tested microorganisms with the exception of MRSA, Corynebacterium
ulcerans, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Candida tropicalis with zone of inhibition ranging
from 20 to 25 mm. The MIC value for the sensitive organisms was 12.5 μg/ml while the
MBC/MFC was 50 μg/ml for these sensitive microbes with exception of Bacillus subtilis
that was found to be 25 μg/ml. When these values were compared to that of standard drug
(sparfloxacin), EFSB had a lower value of MIC as compared to the drug. This showed that
EFSB was comparable to this drug and had a wider broad spectrum of activities over the
tested organism. It was noted that all the tested organisms against SB-C1 (sitosterol) were
sensitive with the exception of Methycilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, Proteus mirabilis and Candida tropicalis. The MIC and MBC/MFC results showed
that Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Shigellia dysenteric were completely
exterminated at a concentration of 25 μg/ml while Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pyrogenes, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus aureginosa, Candida
albicans and Candida virusei were exterminated at 50 μg/ml.The result showed that SB-C1
was comparable to standard drug Sparfloxacin because both exterminated Bacillus subtilis,
Salmonella typhi and Shigellia dysenteric at 25 μg/ml. Most of the tested microorganisms
were sensitive to SB-C2 (Betunilic acid) with the exception of Corynebacterium ulcerans.
The zone of inhibition observed for the microbes range between 21 to 34 mm. It was
observed that, the MIC for the sensitive organisms was 12.5 μg/ml with the exception of
Salmonella typhi and Shigellia dysenteric that was 6.25 μg/ml. The MBC/MFC values for
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,
Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigellia dysenteric and Candida virusei was 25 μg/ml
while for MRSA, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Candida albicans and
Candida tropicalis was 50 μg/ml. It was noted that SB-C2 has a wider broad spectrum of
activities than that of standard drug sparfloxacin. The zone of inhibition of SPEC-1
(stigmasterol) was between 20 to 24 mm. Bacillus subtilis was observed to be the most
sensitive organism with the largest zone of inhibition of 24 mm while the smallest zone of
inhibition was recorded for Proteus mirabilis, Candida virusei and Candida tropicalis at
20 mm. The MIC and MBC/MFC showed that all the sensitive organisms had MIC value
at 12.5 μg/ml while the MBC/MFC was observed for these microbes at a concentration
higher than that of the MIC at 50 μg/ml. The MFC was equally observed at a concentration
higher than that of the standard drug Fluconazole. SPEC-1 (stigmasterol) had a wider
range of broad spectrum over the standard drug against the entire organisms tested.
Description
A Dissertation submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, Nigeria.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy in
Organic Chemistry
Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
JANUARY, 2013
Keywords
PHYTOCHEMICAL,, ANTIMICROBIAL,, ANALYSES,, STEM BARK,, Sarcocephalus,, latifolius,, (Smith Bruce),, AERIAL PART,, AERIAL PART,, Spillanthes,, acmella