EFFECT OF SERA FROM SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS ON TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI PLIMMER & BRADFORD, 1899 AND TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE BRODEN, 1894
EFFECT OF SERA FROM SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS ON TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI PLIMMER & BRADFORD, 1899 AND TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE BRODEN, 1894
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Date
2017-07
Authors
DJIEYEP, DJEMNA FELICITE
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Abstract
The natural anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense activities of sera from some uninfected birds and mammals and their curative and prophylactic potentials were investigated. Their xanthine oxidase content was also evaluated. All the samples were screened using thick blood film and micro-heamatocrit centrifugation technique, to ensure that the donors were not infected by T.brucei brucei and/or T. congolense. The in vitro trypanosomal activity of the sera was assessed by mixing each serum with each of the suspension of parasites in a supplemented RPMI 1640, and incubated at room temperature and under exogenous CO2. Cessassion of parasite motility was taken as indication of the serum’s anti-trypanosomal activity. Bird sera generally had anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei and anti-Trypanosoma congolense activities in vitro, the best anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity index (ATI) being found in broiler hen serum (0.83), with a survival time of 5.00±0.00 hours (compared to 30.00±0.00 hours in the control) while peacock serum had the highest anti-Trypanosoma congolense activity index in vitro, 0.88, with a mean survival time of just 8.67±3.21 hours (compared to 74.67±0.58 hours in the control). The selected mammalian sera had diverse effects on T. brucei brucei and T. congolensein vitro. For the selected rodents’ sera, rabbit serum had some level of anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activitywith low index (ATI of 0.23 compared to 1.00 in the positive control). Similar observation was made with grass-cutter serum against Trypanosoma congolense (ATI of 0.25 compared to 1.00 in the positive control). Rabbit serum was supportive of the survival of T. congolensein vitro. Sera from the selected zoo primates i.e. the Red Patas monkeys and the Tantalus monkeys had a moderate anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity (ATI of 0.27 and 0.34 respectively compared to 1.00 in the positive control) and a very high anti-Trypanosoma congolense activity in vitro (ATI of 0.91 and 0.90 for Red Pattas monkey and
Tantalus monkey respectively). Among the sera from selected small ruminants, only the West African dwarf goat serum had some level of anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity (ATI of 0.29), meanwhile all these sera were supportive of the survival of T. congolensein vitro, without exception; sheep sera supported best the survival of the parasites. With exception of N’Dama serum with ATI of 0.38, sera from the selected large ruminants had a supportive effect for T. brucei brucei, but were all supportive of T. congolensein vitro without exception. Sera from the selected non-ruminant mammals, generally, showed some level of anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity, but highly supported T. congolense in vitro, except the sera from camel and jackal, which manifested anti-Trypanosoma congolense activity, with ATI of 0.22 and 0.91 respectively. Sera from horse and large white pig had the highest supportive activity in vitro, and it was observed that their heat-inactivated forms could substitute the fetal bovine serum (FBS) in RPMI 1640 medium for the cultivation of T. congolense. All the sera from the birds and mammals contained xanthine oxidase (XO), except buzzard’s serum. The XO content of most of the sera from the selected birds and mammals were associated with their in vitro trypanosomal activities. Broiler hen serum had the highest XO content, which coincided with its highest anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity. The XO content of sera from Red Patas and Tantalus monkeys were significantly different (P<0.05) but showed no significantly different (P>0.05) anti-trypanosomal activity, and so, did not have relationship with their in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity. The trypanotolerance ability of the N’Dama cattle was not associated with its serum XO content. Xanthine oxidase activity was generally species-specific in mammals, and likely breed-specific in pig. Among the sera with in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity, jackal serum was slightly prophylactic against T. congolense in vivo. None of the in vitro effective sera were prophylactic against T. brucei brucei. Meanwhile, buzzard serum had a slight curative effect on
T. brucei brucei in vivo, while no serum exhibited curative effect against T. congolense in vivo. The sera of some of the birds and mammals have anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei and/or anti-Trypanosoma congolense properties. All the selected bird and mammal sera had various concentrations of XO, except buzzard serum. The XO content of most of these sera was associated with their in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity. Jackal serum had prophylactic effect against T. congolense in vivo while buzzard serum had a slight curative effect on T. brucei brucei in vivo.
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD.) IN ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
Keywords
EFFECT,, SERA,, SELECTED BIRDS,, MAMMALS,, TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI PLIMMER,, BRADFORD,, TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE BRODEN