GROWTH RESPONSE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETS CONTAINING SHEA BUTTER (VITELLARIA PARADOXA C.F GAERTN) SEED CAKE AS STARTER DIET
GROWTH RESPONSE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETS CONTAINING SHEA BUTTER (VITELLARIA PARADOXA C.F GAERTN) SEED CAKE AS STARTER DIET
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2014-07
Authors
OROGUN, Ademola Julius
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
There is high cost of feeding poultry in developing country like Nigeria. To this end, effectiveness of Shea Butter Cake (SBC) [an agro-industrial by-product obtained from the processing of the nuts of the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa, Gaertn) for fat] as feed meal was investigated in 225 ROSS broilers assigned to five feed diet in 3 replicates with 15 birds per replicate for four weeks. Samples of the shea butter cake, and diets were analysed for their nutrient and gross energy contents using AOAC (2006) methods. Proximate analysis of Shea butter cake revealed 92.57% DM containing 12.70% CP, 5.96% CF, 0.84% oil, 3.77% ash, 76.72%NFE. It also contained necessary minerals such as Ca (1.85mg/100g), K (0.99mg/100g), Mg (0.38mg/100g), Na (1.05mg/100g), Fe (1.06mg/100g), P (0.40mg/100g), Zn (5.676mg/100g), and Cu (0.55 mg/100g). Antinutrients determined in SBC were phytate (4.60 mg/100g), Hydrogen cyanide (2.90 mg/100g), saponins (1.15 mg/100g) and tannins (0.11mg/100g). Essential amino acid encountered included arginine (1.89g/Kg), histidine (0.50g/Kg), isoleucine (1.01g/Kg), leucine (1.34g/Kg), lysine (1.28g/Kg), methionine (0.38g/Kg), phenylalanine (1.75g/Kg), valine (1.25g/Kg) and threonine (0.95g/Kg); while the non-essential amino acids were glutamic acid (3.56g/Kg), aspartic acid (1.96g/Kg) cystine (0.35g/Kg), proline (1.30 g/Kg), tyrosine (1.10g/Kg), serine (1.25g/Kg), alanine (0.75g/Kg) and glycine (1.25 g/Kg). The control diet (diet1) contained 0% SBC while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained shea butter inclusion at 10, 20, 30 and 40% respectively; all diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Measured parameters were live body weight, body weight gains, and feed intake. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram diet were calculated. Haematological parameters obtained after the 28-day trial showed that Packed cell volume, Haemoglobin, White blood cell and Mean corpuscular
haemoglobin concentration had the following range 21.63 -25.53%, 7.21- 8.51g/dl, 13.61-14.26x103μl and 26.60 – 28.38% respectively. The highest live body weight (LBW) of 968.33± 4.41g and Body weight gain (BWG) of 538.33±6.00g g were obtained with 10% SBC which did not differ significantly (P<0.05) from values obtained with 0% SBC, while poorest LBW and BWG values of 900.00±2.89g g and 521.67± 5.83g respectively were obtained with 40% SBC diet. Feed consumption for chicks under 0(control), 10 and 20% dietary treatments were similar but they were significantly different (P<0.05) to those on diets 4 and 5; chicks on diet 1 (0% SBC) consumed highest (969.55g) and chick on diet 5 (40%) consumed the least (919.47g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) however increased with increase in SBC inclusion levels from 1.050 in diet 1(control) to 1.080 in diet 5.The health of the birds were not affected in majority of the dietary treatments as all indices obtained were within the normal values. A reduction in live body weight, feed consumption, body weight gain was observed when inclusion level of SBC in the diet exceeded 10%. Feed cost per Kg of diets and feed cost per Kg weight gained decreased from ₦94.00-₦84.00 and ₦98.70-₦90.72 respectively as the inclusion level of SBC in the meal increased from 0 to 10%. It was concluded that the inclusion level of 10% SBC meal did not impose any detrimental effect in the birds and production cost was reduced. Additional processing methods for shea butter are recommended which may further reduce the antinutrients and improve the availability of nutrients for animal growth and development. The use of SBC in feeding of other animals is recommended.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN BIOLOGY.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NIGERIA
JULY, 2014
Keywords
RESPONSE,, GROWTH,, HAEMATOLOGICAL,, CHARACTERISTICS,, BROILER,, CHICKENS,, CONTAINING,, VITELLARIA,, PARADOXA,, SEED CAKE,, STARTER DIET