EVALUATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF Dichrostachys glomerata and Psidium guajava LEAVES FOR ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

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dc.contributor.authorOKPARA, JUDE OBI
dc.date.accessioned2014-02-28T10:33:13Z
dc.date.available2014-02-28T10:33:13Z
dc.date.issued2008-01
dc.descriptionTHESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA NIGERIA. JANUARY, 2008en_US
dc.description.abstractTo appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Psidium guajava Lineaus (family: Myrtaceae) and Dichrostachys glomerata Forsskal (family: Leguminosae) the present work was undertaken to investigate the antidiarrhoeal properties of the ethanolic leaf extracts of these plants (P. guajava and D. glomerata). The acute oral toxicity studies of the extracts in mice, phytochemical screening of the extracts for bioactive principle, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and anthelmintic actions were also studied. The orally determined LD50 values of the extracts in mice were found to be 1750.0 ± 212.0 mg/kg and 1600.0 ± 283.0 mg/kg for P. guajava and D. glomerata, respectively. The extracts were, thus, confirmed to be relatively toxic to mice. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, resins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates and reducing sugars. The extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg i.p.) caused a dose dependent significant (P<0.05) decrease of gastro-intestinal distance travelled by the charcoal plug in mice compared to control (Normal Saline) (5ml/kg i.p.) and markedly protected rats against Castor oil-induced diarrhoea with loperamide (5mg/kg p.o.) as reference antidiarrhoeal agent. The punch hole method was used for antibacterial screening of the extracts (50, 100 and 200 mg/ml) using pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The results were evaluated as zones of inhibition around the hole impregnated with varying concentrations of the extracts and ampicillin (10 mg/ml) as reference antibacterial drug. The zone of inhibition ranged between 8.07 – 16.07 mm for P. guajava and 10.12 – 20.00 mm for D. glomerata leaves extracts. Like indomethacin (10mg/kg p.o.) the extracts (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg p.o.) produced a dose and time related, sustained and significant reduction (P<0.05 – 0.001) in fresh egg albumen (0.5 ml/kg) induced acute inflammation of rat hind paw oedema. The ethanolic extracts of P. guajava and D. glomerata (200, 400, 800mg/kg p.o.), like albendazole also, significantly (P<0.05, n = 5) reduced the faecal egg count per gram (epg) of goats naturally infected with mixed gastro-intestinal nematodes. The percentage reduction ranged from 38 – 91% in P. guajava and 33 – 81% in D. glomerata treated goats, respectively. In in vitro studies, the extracts (0.4 – 3.2 mg/ml) significantly (P<0.05, n = 3) reduced the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous pendular contractions of rabbit jejunum and the histamine – induced contraction of guinea pig ileum (a spasmolytic action). Atropine, an acetylcholine (ACh) blocker at the muscarinic receptors concentrations dependently reduced and or abolished spasmogenic effects of ACh. The effects of the extracts were equally compared with those of ACh and histamine (H) whose receptors are found in the gastro-intestinal tract. The effects of ACh (8.0 x 10-2μg/ml) on the frequency and amplitude of contraction of the isolated rabbit jejunum and histamine (4.0 x 10-1μg/ml) on isolated guinea pig ileum decreased (P<0.05) when combined with 3.2 mg/ml of the extracts of P. guajava and D. glomerata. The results suggested an antagonistic action between ACh and H2 and the extracts. It is, therefore, postulated that the extracts of P. guajava and D. glomerata may have caused decrease in gastrointestinal propulsion through either anti-cholinergic effect and or H2 – receptor system antagonism. These findings lend pharmacological support to the traditional use of P. guajava and D. glomerata leaves extract in the management and/or control of diarrhoea in man and his animals.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2976
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectETHANOLIC EXTRACTSen_US
dc.subjectDichrostachys glomerata,en_US
dc.subjectPsidium guajava LEAVES,en_US
dc.subjectANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY.en_US
dc.titleEVALUATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF Dichrostachys glomerata and Psidium guajava LEAVES FOR ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITYen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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