STUDIES ON THE TRYPANOCIDAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME ANGIOSPERMS AND FUNGI AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI AND TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE
STUDIES ON THE TRYPANOCIDAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME ANGIOSPERMS AND FUNGI AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI AND TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE
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Date
2017-11
Authors
ALEX- ABEDO, Josephine Ohunene
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Abstract
Plants used in indigenous medicine for the treatment of trypanosomiasis have been reported to have high medicinal activities. A total of 17 plants consisting of 8 angiosperms and 9 fungi were carefully air dried and the powdered extracts were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, methanol and water; 78 extracts were obtained and tested in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei congolenses. The methanolic extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum seed, Sabaflorida roots, Tapinantus globiferus leaves, Formitopsis pinicola and aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed showed highest inhibitory activity at 3.9 μg/ml on both Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. The qualitative phytochemical screen of these extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and steroids. The methanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum and Tapinantus globiferus were partitioned separately with hexane chloroform and butanol. The butanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum showed highest activity at 3.9 μg/ml. The bioassay guided studies of the butanolic extract led to the recovery of component A, B and C from preparative thin layer Chromatographic studies. The GC-MS of component C revealed the presence of several compounds which include13-Tetradecynoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl,9-Tetradecenal, (Z) and1, 3 ,4-thiadiazol-2-amine,5-ethoxy. The aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum and Tapinantus globiferus were synthesized using 1Mm of aqueous Silver nitrate. The synthesized silver nano particles of both plants showed minimum inhibitory activity on both Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense at 0.98 μg/ml. In the in vivo experiment 7 groups of mice were infected with Trypanosoma congolense at the height of parasiteamia such as 107 trypanosomes /ml, groups A1, A2 and A3 were treated with 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of butanolic seed extract of C. albidum respectively. While group B1, B2 and B3 were administered 100,
500 and 1000 mg/kg of synthesized silver nano particles of seed extract C. albidum respectively; group E was treated with standard drug Diminazine; group F was infected but not treated and G was uninfected and untreated group. The animals were treated for five consecutive days. Animals treated with 1000 mg/kg body weight of synthesised nanoparticles of C. albidum had reduced parasiteamia such 102 and they survived up to the 28th day when the experiment was terminated compared to the untreated group F which culminated in death by day 20 post infection. The prophylactic groups were treated for three consecutive days before begin challenged with the parasites. Animals in group C1and D1 were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of butanolic seed extract respectively; animals in group C2 and D2 were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of synthesized silver nano particles of seed extract C. albidum. The group treated with 100 mg/kg showed highest activity in that parasitemia did not develop up to the time the experiment was concluded. The synthesized silver nano particles of C. albidum and T. globiferus were characterized. The UV visible spectrum showed that C. albidum revealed surface Plasmon resonance at 450 while that of T. globiferus were observed to be in the range of 350 nm. The Scanning electron microscopy of C. albidum indicate that the silver nanoparticles were predominantly spherical with estimated sizes of between 377 nm-3.97 μm and that of T. globiferusare about 1.75-23 μm. This study has shown that most plant have medicinal potential of various degree of activity. Medicinal plant could be used as an excellent and resourceful green material for the rapid and consistent synthesis of silver nanoparticles which could be useful in different applications. Our findings could be targeted for the promising potential applications including drug formulation and biomedical applications in future. .
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA
Keywords
STUDIES,, TRYPANOCIDAL ACTIVITIES,, ANGIOSPERMS,, FUNGI,, TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI,, TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE