ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF HYPTIS SPICIGERA LAM. ON SOME ASPERGILLUS AND FUSARIUM SPECIES
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF HYPTIS SPICIGERA LAM. ON SOME ASPERGILLUS AND FUSARIUM SPECIES
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Date
2021-01
Authors
KABIRU, Adamu
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Abstract
Several genera of fungi cause different important diseases of plants around the world. Plant diseases are mostly controlled by chemical pesticides and in some cases by cultural practices. The use of plant extract for the control of plant pathogenic fungi reduce the risk of food poisoning and increased the market value of crops. The antifungal activities of the leaf extract of Hyptis spicigera was screened against four species each of Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. parasiticus) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. verticilloides). The powdered leaf was extracted with hexane, ethyl-acetate, methanol and water following an increase in polarity of these solvents. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts and fractions using standard procedures and the antifungal activities of the hexane, ethyl-acetate, methanol and aqueous extract with their terpenoids and flavonoids fractions was carried out to determine the zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration. The qualitative phytochemical screening indicates the presence of anthraquinones, unsaturated sterols and triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids in all the extracts (n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, methanol and aqueous) except anthraquinones which was absent in the methanol and n-hexane extracts. The quantitative phytochemical screening indicates that saponins has the highest concentration of 920 mg/g/DE in the ethyl-acetate extract, phenolics was found to be highest in n-hexane extract with a quantity of 880 mg/g/GAE, flavonoid was higher in the aqueous extract with quantity of 220 mg/g/GAE. Alkaloids was found to be highest in n-hexane extract with a concentration of 170 mg/g/AE and tannins was having the highest concentration of 50 mg/g/QE as observed in the aqueous extract. The TLC chromatographic profile of terpenoids fraction indicates the presence of 7 terpenoids spots on the TLC plates while that of flavonoids fraction indicates 2 yellow and 2 red bands of flavonoids on the TLC plates when viewed under the UV light at 360nm. Ethyl-
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acetate extract recorded wider diameter of inhibition against A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus and A. flavus with diameter of 24.67±0.88 mm, 21.33±0.67mm and 22.67±0.88 mm respectively. This inhibition zones were significantly higher than the control fungicide (mancozeb) and the other extracts. Methanol extract showed the highest zone of inhibition on F. graminearum (21.00±0.00 mm) which was also significantly higher than the control fungicide (18.33±1.45). The terpenoids fraction from ethyl-acetate extract showed the highest zone of inhibition on F. oxysporum with a diameter of 19.33±0.33mm while there was no inhibition zone against this fungus by the control fungicide (mancozeb) and the other extracts on this fungus. In the case of F. proliferatum, the control fungicide showed higher inhibition zone (21.00±0.00 mm) which was significantly higher than the extracts with their corresponding terpenoids and flavonoids fractions. The aqueous extract was the only extract that showed zone of inhibition on A. niger with a diameter of 16.00±0.58 mm. All the extracts, terpenoids and flavonoids fraction did not show any activity on F. verticilloides while the fungus was sensitive to the control fungicide (22.00±0.58) but A. parasiticus and F. oxysporum were resistance to the control fungicide. The MIC of the extracts and fractions on all the fungi species ranged from 3.13 to 12.5 mg/ml and their MFCs was between 6.25 to 25 mg/ml. The result from this research indicates that the leaf extract of Hyptis spicigera contains phytochemicals which exert a broad range of fungistatic and fungicidal activity on some species of Aspergillus and Fusarium.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN BOTANY
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA.
NIGERIA.
Keywords
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES,, LEAF EXTRACTS,, HYPTIS SPICIGERA LAM,, ASPERGILLUS,, FUSARIUM SPECIES.