ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE EMISSION LEVELS AND AIR QUALITY IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE EMISSION LEVELS AND AIR QUALITY IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
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Date
2018-10
Authors
ONYEMELUKWE, Osita Stanley
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Abstract
This study analysed automobile emission levels and air quality in Lagos State, Nigeria. Both automobile emission and ambient air samples were collected and used in the study. The automobile emission data was generated from sampling 312 different types of automobiles using Testo 350XL emission sensor, while ambient air data was sourced by analysing air concentration levels along the selected traffic corridors thrice daily for one week, using Aeroqual automated multi gas emission analyser. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized and the results presented infrequency and percentage tables and chart.The result of Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis on relationship between ambient air concentrations of pollutants and traffic volumes shows strong statistical relationships between traffic volumes and CO2, PM2.5and HC pollutants with P-values of 0.000, 0.001 and 0.000 at 0.01 in that order. On the other hand, variables such as CO, NO, PM10, R/H and ˚C show no relationship with traffic volume. This is indicated where the p-values of 0.993, 0.084, 0.105, 0.355 and 0.223 in that order were found. The study revealed that there is no difference between the pollutants found in the air along the traffic corridors with those emitted from the sampled automobiles. ANOVA analysis shows that there is strong variation in the emission concentration from different types of automobiles, with the strongest difference found in CO with 434ppm and NO with 85ppm, while the least difference is found in CO2 pollutants with 21.7ppm. Also, petrol powered automobiles have the highest emission concentration of HC, NO and CO2with 997.9ppm, 796ppm and 862ppm respectively than diesel powered automobiles, while diesel automobiles have the highest emission levels of CO with 584.19ppm than petrol powered automobiles with 291ppm. Analysis of ambient air quality shows that the mean average weekly concentration of CO along the heavy traffic corridors is below the daily safety limits of 15ppm, but higher than 1 hourly limits of 10ppm. Comparison of vehicular specific emission concentration with the set standards shows
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that heavy truck emission of 729.14ppm and 578.28ppm for NO and CO pollutants were slightly below the set standards of LASEPA/EURO III at 753.47ppm and 584.8ppm respectively, while HC concentration of 514.27ppm is found to be above the set limit of 329.47ppm. The emission concentration of tricycles on HC and NO with 4808.5ppm and 220.29ppm respectively far exceeded the regulatory limits set by LASEPA/EURO III of 35.03ppm and 5.25ppm, while CO emission concentration of 230.00ppm is slightly below the set limit 238.1ppm. Motorcycle emission concentration of 150.50ppm and 3079.43ppm for NO and HC far exceeded the LASEPA/EURO III set limits of 5.25ppm and 35.03ppm respectively, while the concentration ofCO (204.00ppm) is below the set limit of 238.1ppm.Omni-bus automobile type has higher emission concentration of CO and HC with 585.7ppm and 507.0ppm than the set limits of 584.8ppm and 329.5ppm by LASEPA/EURO III, while the NO concentration with 729.1ppm is below the regulated limits of 753.5ppm.Cars have higher emission concentration of NO and HC with 90.1ppm and 434.7ppm than the set limits of 6.3ppm and 43.8ppm respectively. It also recorded lower emission concentration of CO with 30.0ppm compared to the regulatory set limits of 431.6ppm of LASEPA/EURO III.It is therefore recommended thatthere is the need to adopt sustainable auto-specific emission control measures with focus on the control of specific dangerous pollutants such as hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide which are mostly emitted by trucks, tricycles and motor-cycles at high concentrations. There is also the need for LASEPA to constantly monitor and publish air quality data along the sampled corridors where CO and PM10 were found to exceed the set standards as exposure to this pollutant at these locations by the public may result to many health effects such as immune system impairment, exacerbated asthma attacks, lungs cancer as well as environmental effects such as formation of smog, degrading of surface water quality among others.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords
ANALYSIS,, AUTOMOBILE EMISSION LEVELS,, AIR QUALITY,, LAGOS STATE,, NIGERIA,