PHYTOCHEMICALS OF THE LEAF AND ROOT FRACTIONS OF COMBRETUM MOLLE (R.Br. Ex. G. Don), ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS AND TOXICITY TO WISTAR RATS
PHYTOCHEMICALS OF THE LEAF AND ROOT FRACTIONS OF COMBRETUM MOLLE (R.Br. Ex. G. Don), ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS AND TOXICITY TO WISTAR RATS
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Date
2018-07
Authors
DARMASU, Kulawe
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Abstract
This work was carried out with the aim of determining the phytochemical compounds present in the aqueous, n-butanol and the ethyl-acetate fractions of the leaves and roots of Combretum molle, its biological activities against selected micro-organisms and toxicity to animal tissues. Ethanol was used as solvent for extraction, after which differential fractionization was carried out using distilled water, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Aqueous, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the leaves and roots of C. molle were screened for secondary metabolites, using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The micro-organisms studied are (Erwinia chrysanthemi, Salmonella Typhi, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Pseudomonas syringae and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Ciprofloxacin was used as positive control. The preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous, n-butanol and ethyl-acetate fractions of the leaves and root Combretum molle revealed the presence of; Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Triterpenes and Steroids. Glycosides were present in all the fractions except the root aqueous and root n-butanol fractions. Alkaloids were not present in the root ethyl-acetate and root n-butanol fractions. Anthraquinones were present in the leaf and root aqueous and root n-butanol fractions only. The results from the TLC revealed that, all the fractions of C. molle contained secondary metabolites as well as higher density of secondary metabolites in the ethyl-acetate root fraction. GC-MS revealed the presence of 17 against 23 compounds in the n-butanol root and leaf fractions respectively, 15 against 18 in the ethyl-acetate root and leaf fractions and 11against 10 in the aqueous root and leaf fractions respectively. Erwinia chrysanthemi, X. axonopodis and S. Typhi were susceptible to the fractions of C. molle with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of as low as 1.5 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml respectively, K. pneumoniae was not susceptible to the ethyl-acetate root and aqueous leaf fractions of the plant. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) had low values such as 0.76 mg/ml of the n-butanol leaf fraction against S. Typhi, and 1.5 mg/ml of the n-butanol leaf fraction against X. axonopodis. The analysis of variance indicated that there was no significant difference in the performance of the n-butanol root, n-butanol leaf, ethyl-acetate leaf, ethyl-acetate root, aqueous root and aqueous leaf fractions on the microorganisms E. chrysanthemi, S. Typhi, X. axonopodis, P. syringae and K. pneumoniae. In the acute toxicological investigation, there was no mortality in the experimental animals after orally administering the fractions of C. molle, however, there were induced histopathological alterations in the cellular anatomy of the liver and kidney. The analysis of variance also indicated that there was no significant difference in the performance of the roots was not significantly different from that of the leaf. The study indicates that, C. molle contains phytochemical compounds which makes it a good inhibitor of microbial growth and could be exploited through further research to determine the active compounds that could be utilized in the treatment of common ailments. The cellular alterations in the liver and kidney could become fatal during prolonged use or unregulated dosages.
Description
A Ph. D DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) DEGREE IN BOTANY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
Keywords
PHYTOCHEMICALS,, LEAF,, ROOT FRACTIONS,, COMBRETUM MOLLE,, ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS,, TOXICITY,, WISTAR RATS