STUDIES ON MYCOFLORA AND MYCOTOXINS IN ACHA, MAIZE AND COTTON SEED IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA.
STUDIES ON MYCOFLORA AND MYCOTOXINS IN ACHA, MAIZE AND COTTON SEED IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA.
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Date
1986
Authors
GBODI, Timothy Ayinla
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Abstract
The extracts of the A. quadrilineatus; the petroleum
ether soluble extract (PER) and the petroleum ether
defatted crude extract (PEDCR) were tested for acute
and chronic toxicity in mice, chicks and cattle. The
per os_LD50 of PER was 1148mg/kg and that of PEDCR was
507mg/kg in mice, and 556mg/kg in chicks. The
intraperitoneal LD50 of PEDCR in mice was 20.8mg/kg. The
toxic signs of PER and PEDCR in mice and chicks included
tachypnea, tachycardia, anorexia, somnolence, diarrhoea,
coma and death. The main post mortem findings in acute
toxicity were congestion of heart, liver, kidney and
lungs and sloughing of the wall of stomach and haemorrhagic
entiritis. The histopathologic findings in dead animals
included oedema and mild degeneration of the myocardium,
necrosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells, hepatocytes
and bronchioles. The only clinical observation in calf
acutely dosed with culture of A. quadrilineatus on maize
were transient whole body tremors which occurred one hour
after dosing, tachycardia and profuse salivation. No
significant histopathologic changes were found in the
organs of the sacrificed calf.
Rats fed on diets containing different percentages
of A. quadrilineatus cultured maize gained less weight
as compared with those on normal diets.
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Other clinical signs in rats included soft faeces,
lethargy, arched back, rough hair coat and death in the
case of rats on 100% substituted diet.
No abnormal clinical signs were seen in cattle on
substituted diets except that cattle on normal diet had
superior weight gain as compared to those on substituted
diets.
Post mortem findings in rats included hyperaemia of
the mucosa of the stomach and intestine, sloughing of the
mucosa of the stomach, petechial haemorrhages on the
liver and gastro-enteritis. No significant post mortem
findings were observed in cattle on substituted diet
except that the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum of
cattle on 100% substituted diet were sloughed off.
Histopathologic findings in rats included liver
congestion, hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis,
congestion of the venous sinuses of spleen characterised
in some cases by mild to moderate lymphocytes depletion
of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath. Varying degrees
of interstitial inflamation with peribronchiolitis and
atelectasis and severe alveolar oedema were seen in
lungs of some rats.
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Submucosal oedema of the stomach and granular
degeneration of the tubular epithelial cells of the
kidney particularly of the medulla were seen. Severe
meningeal congestion, haemorrhage and sub-meningeal
degeneration were seen.
In cattle the histopathological findings included
degeneration and necrosis of the liver. Multifocal
areas of haemorrhage in the liver and extensive tubular
necrosis and degeneration of glomerular tufts were seen.
Chronic feeding of A. quadril ineatus substituted
diets to cattle had an increasing effects on PCV,
neubrophils, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, SGOT,
serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase,
and it had a decreasing effect on lymphocytes, monocytes,
Hb, and albumin when compared to control animals values.
The mycotoxins produced by A. quadrilineatus were
extractable from rice culture by chloroform. Column
chromatographic separations in silica gel using
different elution solvents and biological tests showed
that the mycotoxins came off in the diethylether,
chloroform and mostly in ethylacetate fractions.
Use of different available mycotoxin standards
on silica gel G coated chromatoplates revealed that
sterigmatocystin is one of the minor metabolites
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Description
A thesis submitted to the Postgraduate School
of Ahmadu Bello University, in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria.
Keywords
STUDIES,, MYCOFLORA,, MYCOTOXINS,, ACHA,, MAIZE,, COTTON SEED,, PLATEAU STATE,, NIGERIA