PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, PROXIMATE AND ELEMENTAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM (MULL. ARG.) HUTCH AND DALZIEL
PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, PROXIMATE AND ELEMENTAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM (MULL. ARG.) HUTCH AND DALZIEL
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Date
2015-06
Authors
AKINWANDE, OLUBUNMI OLUKEMI
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Abstract
The extracts of the pulverized leaves of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Family –Euphorbiaceae) were investigated by carrying out phytochemical,antimicrobial, proximate and elemental studies using standard laboratory procedures. Natural products were extracted from pulverized leaves using a Soxhlet extractor, applying four (4) solvents of different polarities namely - petroleum ether (60-80°C), ethyl acetate, chloroform and finally methanol of analar grade successively.The chemical assays using phytochemical tests showed the presence of proteins, tannins, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids in the crude extracts. The bioassays using agar well diffusion technique were carried out on gram – negative and gram - positive bacteria, fungi and mould. These included Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyrogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibro cholerae , Candida albicans ,Candida krusei , Heliobacter pylori, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The crude extracts and the isolated compounds inhibited the growth of MRSA, Staphyloccocus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter fetus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori (zone of inhibition ranged from 14 – 29 mm). Control was carried out using standard drugs that are currently used to treat some illnesses caused by the above micro-organisms. These include fulcin, fluconazole, tetracycline, sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.The isolated compounds inhibited the growth of the same micro –organisms (zone of inhibition ranged from 20 – 35 mm). All the four extracts exhibited anti – microbial activities. Proximate analysis of the leaves showed crude protein (17.08 %), crude fiber (15.53 %), crude lipids (1.89 %),ash (13.38 %), nitrogen free - extract (51.52 %) and dry matter (91.86 %). Elemental analysis revealed the presence of fourteen elements:-magnesium, aluminum, chlorine, calcium, strontium, manganese, sodium, potassium, bromine, lanthanum, cobalt, zinc and barium. Essential elements present and their quantities are:- Zn (24 mg), Ca (33460 mg) Mg (4756 mg) and Mn (262 mg). The purification of petroleum ether crude extract by chromatographic techniques (by TLC, column and prep-TLC) yielded two pure compounds (TC 1 and TC 2). Structural elucidation of TC 1 and TC 2 were established based on spectral data; IR, 1D NMR and 2D NMR, MS and cited literatures. TC 1 was established to be 3β, 22E- Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (C29H48O, 412.7g/mol – Stigmasterol) and TC 2 was established to be 3β, hydroxyolean -12-en-28-oic acid (C30H48O3, 456.7 g/mol - Oleanolic acid). Stigmasterol and oleanolic acid are triterpenoids. They inhibited the growth of Shigella dysenteriae (causative agent of dysentery) significantly. Triterpenoids are known to exhibit anti–inflammatory, anti–cancer and anti–diabetic properties. This is the first time they are being reported present in leaves of Tetracarpidium conophorum.
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A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA
Keywords
PHYTOCHEMICAL,, ANTIMICROBIAL,, PROXIMATE,, ELEMENTAL STUDIES,, LEAVES,, TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM,, (MULL. ARG.),, HUTCH,, DALZIEL,