PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENNING OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF AESCHYNOMENE SCHIMPERI Hochst.ex A. Rich
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENNING OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF AESCHYNOMENE SCHIMPERI Hochst.ex A. Rich
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Date
2014-06
Authors
ADAMU, ZAKARI SALIHU
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Abstract
Aeschynomene schimperi is a medicinal plant and used as animal food which belongs to the Fabaceae family. The whole plant of Aeschynomene schimperi was first extracted exhaustively with petroleum ether (60-80 °C) using a soxhlet extractor. The procedure was sequentially repeated using chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, Triterpenes, flavanoids, steroids, tannins, saponins (hydrolysable), glycosides, alkaloids and combined anthraquinone in the plant. The antimicrobial sensitivity test of the extracts were carried out using nine pathogenic microorganisms; Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Aspergillus nigre, Candida krusei and Candida albicans. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Candida krusei were sensitive to all the plant extracts while Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus nigre were resistant to all the plant extracts. Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were resistant to petroleum ether extract. The petroleum ether extract showed diameters of zones of inhibition of 12-17mm against four microorganisms. Chloroform extract showed diameters of zones of inhibition of 20-27mm against six microorganisms. Ethyl acetate extract showed diameters of zones of inhibition of 20-23mm against the same organisms as in chloroform extract. Methanolic extract showed diameters of zones of inhibition of 17-21mm against the same organisms as in chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts. Chloroform extract had the highest antimicrobial activity of the four crude extracts recording 27mm in diameters of zones of inhibition in Bacteria. Petroleum ether extract recorded the lowest inhibition zone (12mm in diameter). Candida krusei. Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus nigre could not respond at all to all the extracts. In the petroleum extract, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 5 mg/ml. In the chlororm extract, the MIC was 2.5 mg/ml, in the ethyl acetate extract, 2.5 mg/ml was the MIC, while in the methanolic extract, the MIC was 5 mg/ml for Candida albicans and Candida krusei and 2.5 mg/ml for the remaining microorganisms that responded. In the fungi that responded to the test, the MFC was 10 mg/ml, in the methanolic extract, the MBC was 10 mg/ml while in the remaining extracts ,there were variations in the MBC of the extracts against the bacteria. Isolation of the compound was from chloroform extract using series of chromatographic processes. By comparison of the spectral data of the isolated compound with those reported in the literature, Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol (C29H50O) also known as beta-sitosterol was proposed to be the isolated compound which is one of the possible bioactive constituents of the plant responsible for various pharmacological activities of the plant.
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A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATESTUDIES. AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER DEGREE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA
Keywords
PHYTOCHEMICAL,, ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENNING,, WHOLE PLANT,, AESCHYNOMENE SCHIMPERI Hochst.ex A.,, Rich,