PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETABLE OIL POLYAMIDES FROM CASTOR Ricinus communis AND THE OIL-PALM Elaeisguineansis OILS

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Date
1999-07
Authors
MOOREY, BINBUT DALEN
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Abstract
This study investigated the synthesis and application of polyamides from three Nigerian vegetable oils, castor, palm kernel and palm oils obtained in Zaria, Kaduna State and Jos, Plateau state. Physical and chemical characterisation of the filtered oils yielded the following results, CO = RV (1.380), RI (1.4712), %ffa (3.6), SV (179.3), IV (76.2), PKO = RV (1.068), RI (1.4552), % ffa (0.75), SV (265.8), IV (17.75) and PO = RV (1.139), RI (1.4612), % ffa (7.7), SV (228.0), IV (41.11). The oils were alkaline refined with appropriate strengths and amounts of lyes of NaOH calculated from each oil's % ffa; followed by earth bleaching. Mixed fatty acids of the refined oils were obtained from the acid hydrolysis of their soaps. Urea fractionation of the mixed fatty acids yielded unsaturated fatty acid fractions as follows; CO (63.4 %), PKO (9.7 %), PO (36.9 %). Reactions occuring at the double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acid fractions obtained, led to the formation of fatty acid dimers. The progress of the dimerisation reactions with time was monitored by variations in iodine values and relative viscosities. The average rates of dimerisation calculated from plots of changes in iodine values were found to be; CO (110), PO (8.0), PKO (2.3) g iodine/100g/l hr. Furthermore, measurements of shifts in band intensities from IR spectral runs of the main functional group, -CH= CH- with time of dimerisation laid claims for the formation of saturated linkages from unsaturated centres. Polycondensation reactions between the difunctional dimer acids and ethylenediamine yielded fatty acid polyamides. The progress of the reactions were followed by measurements of variations of acid values with time at average rates in the order, PKO (0.8), PO (0.2), CO (0.11) mg KOH/min.In addition, plots of the Carothers equation for a non-catalysed polycondensation reaction yielded maximally the following parameters; PO = DP (3.5), Mn(2,058.00), p (71.42%) at t = 30 mins, CO = DP (5.0), Mn(2,940.00), p (80.00 %) at t = 60 mins. PKO = DP (7.8), M/7(4,752.29), p(87.14%) at t = 70 mins. Furthermore, intercept values from the plots of the Carothers relationship showed positive deviations above unity for PO and CO, while calculated k values are in the order; CO > PO >PKO. Characterisation of the fatty acid compounds prepared, by IR spectroscopy and solubility tests gave encouraging evidences of the formation of polyamides. Finally, formulated spray-coat trials on leather surfaces showed good to excellent dry and wet rubfastness ratings between 30 - 150 circles for PO and PKO coats compared to standard coats used in the leather industry. However, CO coat appeared tacky.
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A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS, FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA - NIGERIA JUNE, 1999
Keywords
PREPARATION,, CHARACTERIZATION,, VEGETABLE,, POLYAMIDES,, CASTOR,, Ricinus,, OIL-PALM Elaeisguineansis OILS
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