PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

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Browsing PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES by Subject "(ASTERACEAE)."

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    PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) KING & ROBINSON (ASTERACEAE
    (2011-08) OHANELE, CHUKWUMA CYRINUS
    The plant, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson is a member of the Asteraceae family. It grows abundantly in Southern Nigeria where its leaves are used as traditional herbal treatment for wounds and fevers. The plant, C. odorata was therefore investigated for antibacterial activities. The leaves of C. odorata were collected from plants growing in their natural habitat in Kaduna State. Standard pharmacognostic methods were used to conduct macroscopic and microscopic studies of the leaf. Physical constants of the leaf were also determined. Furthermore, phytochemical and biological evaluations of the leaf extracts and fractions were conducted. The matured, fresh leaf of C. odorata is green in colour, mildly hairy and deltoid to ovate-lanceolate in shape. The leaf margin is dentate. The leaf measures between 6 – 8 cm in width and 8 – 10 cm in length. The leaf is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata and non-glandular, uniseriate and multicellular trichomes. The stomata were more in the abaxial surface than in the adaxial with means of 9 ± 1.35 and 3 ± 0.45, respectively. The abaxial surface equally had higher stomatal index of 24.6 % ± 3.69 compared to 7.4 % ± 1.05 for the adaxial surface. Vein islet number and vein termination number were 5.8 ± 0.87 and 4.8 ± 0.72, respectively. The palisade ratio has a mean value of 6.5 ± 0.98. The powdered drug has a moisture content of 9.78 % ± 1.5. The ash value and the acid insoluble ash value were 12.13 % ± 1.82 and 4.11 % ± 0.62 respectively. The alcohol extractive value was 4.87 % ± 0.73, while water extractive value was 3.47 % ± 0.52. The phytochemical study demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, saponins and anthraquinones in the ethanolic leaf extract. The ethanol ix extract was further partitioned into aqueous, I-butanol and chloroform fractions. Flavonoids and triterpenes were present in all the fractions while tannins were found only in the aqueous and butanol fractions. The chromatographic resolution of ethanolic extract with the solvent system Benzene: Methanol (9:1) showed over 10 spots visible in the daylight. Phytochemical tests indicated that most of the bands represented flavonoids. The ethanol extract and the chloroform, butanol and aqueous fractions showed various degrees of antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typi and Escherichia coli. The chloroform fraction however, had the most antibacterial activity with the highest zones of inhibition (S. aureus (31 mm), S. pyogene (30 mm), S. typhi (29 mm) and E. coli (29 mm)), lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (S. aureus (2.5 mg/ml), S. pyogene (2.5 mg/ml), S. typhi (5 mg/ml) and E. coli (5 mg/ml)) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (S. aureus (5 mg/ml), S. pyogene (10 mg/ml), S. typhi (20 mg/ml) and E. coli (10 mg/ml)). This study therefore showed that the leaf extract of C. odorata has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties against the common bacteria that infect wounds. This result suggests the scientific reason for the traditional use of the leaf of the plant for wound treatment. Thus, the plant can be an effective and easily accessible herbal drug for the treatment of wounds.
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    PHYTOCHEMICAL AND SOME BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ASPILIA AFRICANA (PERS.) C. D. ADAMS (ASTERACEAE)
    (2016-11) JOHNSON, Ekarika Clement
    Aspilia africana, (Pers) C.D. Adams; (Asteraceae), a semi perennial woody plant, commonly known as haemorrhage plant is widely distributed across tropical Africa and all parts of Nigeria. The plant is well known in folkloric medicine for its anti-haemorrhagic uses and for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, malarial fever, wounds, coughs, microbial infections and gastro-intestinal disorders.This research was undertaken inorder to isolate some of the bioactive compounds responsible for the anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activities of this plant. The dried powdered leaf material was subjected to cold maceration with 70% aqueous methanol to obtain the methanol extract which waspartitioned with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The methanol extract and the fractions were screened for phytochemical constituents, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic properties and then subjected to chromatographic separation. Preliminary phytochemical screening results showed the presence of carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in the methanol extract and the fractions. Chemical investigation of the methanol extract and fractions of the leaves led to the isolation of three pentacyclic triterpenic acids namely; 3β – hydroxyolean – 12 – en – 28 – oic acid (Oleanolic acid), 3β – hydroxyurs – 12 – en – 28 – oic acid (ursolic acid) and 2, 3 - dihydroxyurs – 12 en – 28 – oic acid (corosolic acid) from the butanol fraction and 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic (ursolic acid) from the dichloromethane fraction through silica gel column chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of 1-D and 2-D NMR (including 1H, 13C, HMBC, HMQC, COSY, and DEPTexperiments), FTIR spectral data, physicochemical properties and comparison with authentic data of these compounds from literature. In Agar welldiffusion anti-microbial screening using isolated clinical strains of pathogens namelyStaphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus substilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae Candida albicans and Candida stellafoidea; the methanol extract and the butanol fraction (which was more active than other fractions) inhibited the growth of nine of the eleven bacterial strains and one of the three fungal strains with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 – 25mm. However, the activity of one of the isolated compounds (oleanolic acid) surpassed that of crude extract and n-butanol fraction; it inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and two of the fungal strains with inhibition zones ranging from 25 – 33mm compared with the standard drugs used. The MIC, MBC/MFC of the plant extracts ranged from between 5.00 and 10.00 mg/mL while that of the isolated compounds ranged between 0.0125 and 0.0500mg/mL. In the in-vitro anti-diabetic studies, the isolated oleanolic acid (IC50 = (25.45±0.45 μg/mL; 47.57±0.40 μg/mL) was more potent in the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase than the crude methanol extract (IC50 = 96.40±0.20μg/mL; 95.10±0.20μg/mL), butanol fraction (the only active fraction, IC50 = 72.50±0.65μg/mL; 72.65±3.2μg/mL) and the reference drug (acarbose) (IC50 = 46.31±0.58 μg/mL; 48.10±0.130 μg/mL) for α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. The results of the anti-microbial and antidiabetic studies have authenticated the traditional use of the plant to treat microbial infection and diabetes.The research work has also identified the oleanolic acid to be responsible for the antimicrobial and anti-diabetic activities of the plant.