DETECTION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN LAUGHING DOVES (STREPTOPELIA SENEGALENSIS) AND CHICKENS IN BACKYARD POULTRY FARMS AND THE LIVEBIRD MARKET IN SAMARU, ZARIA, NIGERIA

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dc.contributor.authorOKPANACHI, JEROME UNUBI
dc.date.accessioned2018-08-16T14:27:30Z
dc.date.available2018-08-16T14:27:30Z
dc.date.issued2016-03
dc.descriptionA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIAen_US
dc.description.abstractNewcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious viral disease of birds caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Doves have been incriminated in previous outbreaks of the disease in chickens in some parts of the world. Newcastle disease is the most important enzootic viral disease of chickens in Zaria with annual outbreaks that discourage backyard poultry production. The objectives of the study were to detect and characterize NDV in laughing doves and backyard chickens, and to assess biosecurity measures and farm management practices in relation to outbreak of ND as recalled by backyard poultry farmers. This cross sectional study (September 2014 to February 2015)was conducted on 184 swabs from cloacae and pharynxes of 67 trapped laughing doves and 25 backyard chickens from residential areas of Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria, by convenience sampling. Haemagglutination assay (HA) followed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test were performed using positive oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs as antigen and hyperimmune serum respectively. Red blood cell adsorption-de-absorption concentration of NDV followed by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted on the HA and HI positive samplesfor molecular detection of NDV. Biosecurity assessment of backyard poultry farms was conducted by face-to-face interview of backyard poultry farmers.Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires and on the farm inspection were used to assess biosecurity measures, owner‟s reported outbreak ofND, and farm management practices that favour the outbreak of ND in backyard poultry. This study showed that of the 65.7% (88/134) of dove oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs positive by HA, 42.1% (37/88) were HI positive. Of the 37 HI positives, 21(56.8%) were RT-PCR positive of which eight were lentogenic, twelve were velogenic while one had both lentogenic and velogenic NDV. While of the 50 chicken oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs screened, 46% (23/50) were HA positive, and of these 69.6% (16/23) were positive by HI. Only 25% (4/16) of the HI positives produced bands after RT-PCR and gel electrophoresis indicative of 3 lentogenic and a velogenic NDV. Also, the biosecurity assessment study revealed that sun-drying household grains and or flour, overstocking above 300 birds, the peak of the rains (August) and start of the cold dry season (November) and accessibility of laughing doves to poultry feed were statistically associated (P<0.05) with farmers‟ reported outbreaks of ND. From the study it was concluded that laughing doves were demonstrated to be infected with either lentogenic or velogenic NDV or both. Also, detection of NDV in laughing doves corresponded with detection of NDV in backyard chickens (with statistically greater detection of NDV in chickens and doves in cluster 1 than cluster 2). The use of red blood adsorption-de-adsorption concentration of NDV enhanced RT-PCR detection using fusion gene primers NDV-F 4829 and NDV-R 5031. The detection of not only lentogenic but velogenic NDV in laughing doves poses a great risk to backyard poultry production. An epizootic of velogenic ND in wild birds could lead to an epizootic in backyard poultry with accompanying economic loss. It is recommended that veterinary agencies of Government should encourage more research on the role of laughing doves in the spread of ND to poultry.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10131
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectDETECTION,en_US
dc.subjectNEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS,en_US
dc.subjectLAUGHING DOVES,en_US
dc.subjectCHICKENS,en_US
dc.subjectBACKYARD POULTRY FARMS,en_US
dc.subjectLIVEBIRD MARKET,en_US
dc.subjectSAMARU,en_US
dc.subjectZARIA,en_US
dc.subjectNIGERIAen_US
dc.titleDETECTION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN LAUGHING DOVES (STREPTOPELIA SENEGALENSIS) AND CHICKENS IN BACKYARD POULTRY FARMS AND THE LIVEBIRD MARKET IN SAMARU, ZARIA, NIGERIAen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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