STUDIES ON ANTIHAEMORRHAGIC AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF BULB JUICE, ETHANOL AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF ALLIUM SATIVUM LINN. (LILLIACEAE) AGAINST MENINGEAL BACTERIA
STUDIES ON ANTIHAEMORRHAGIC AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF BULB JUICE, ETHANOL AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF ALLIUM SATIVUM LINN. (LILLIACEAE) AGAINST MENINGEAL BACTERIA
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Date
2014-08
Authors
KOKORI, Bajeh Tijani
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Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a devastating air-borne infectious disease of humans
that causes cellular hemorrhagic sepsis, metabolic, neurologic and endocrine
disorders and constitutes a serious threat to public health. Where malnutrition is
linked to BM, it is a great economic and societal burden accompanied with high
morbidity and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria. A. sativum, a
medicinal food herb found in Northern Nigeria, has been used in folklore to treat
infectious diseases locally including haemorrhagic sepsis and malnutrition. In the
present investigation, the antihaemorrhagic and in vitro antibacterial activities of the
juice (JEAS), ethanolic (EEAS) and aqueous (AEAS) bulb extracts of A. sativum
were evaluated against bacterial meningitis pathogens. The methods employed in this
study were validation of phytochemical screening which was done according to
standard methods, determination of nutritional composition was carried out using
analytical automated instruments (Atomic Absorption Spectrometers), investigation
of antihemorrhagic activity was done using mean blood clotting time of wistar rats,
and evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activities of the extracts against clinical
isolates using agar-well diffusion and broth dilution methods. The clinical isolates of
meningitis pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli were obtained from
Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Shika-Zaria. The
phytochemical screening of A. sativum extracts (JEAS, EEAS and AEAS) revealed
the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, fats & oils, flavonoids,
saponins and steroidal terpenoids. The results obtained as nutritional profiles from
analytical automated machines analysis showed that A. sativum contained all classes
of food nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fat and oils, dietary fibres, an. vitamins together with zeolite herbominerals (nanopharmacologic effects). The mean
blood clotting time of the three extracts on afflicted fresh wounds on rat were also
determined. JEAS and EEAS extracts were potent in both antihemorrhagic (0.94 ±
0.01 minutes), (0.99±0.04) and antibacterial activities while and AEAS (1.20±0.04)
showed low activity, inhibiting the clinical bacterial isolates Neisseria meningitides,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli with
diameter of zone of inhibition ranging from 15-36 mm at concentrations of 10, 15,
20 and 25 mg/ml. It produced significant (p<0.05) antibacterial activity while EEAS
and AEAS showed low activities, except Klebsiella pneumoniae which was resistant
to the three extracts concentrations used. The extracts inhibited the growth of the
bacterial isolates in a concentration dependent manner with MICs ranging between
0.04-1.56 mg/ml while MBCs was 0.10-2.50 mg/ml respectively. The findings from
this study could be of interest and suggest the need for further investigations with a
view to use the plant in novel drug development for BM therapy. The
antihemorrhagic and antibacterial activities of the three extracts were statistically
significant (p < 0.05). JEAS also exhibited shorter clotting time (Waller Duncan
Test, SAS). The outcome of this study could therefore justify the ethnomedical and
folkloric usage of A. sativum to treat bacterial meningitis locally.
Description
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE
DEGREE IN PHARMACOLOGY.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY &THERAPEUTICS, FACULTY OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA,
NIGERIA
Keywords
ANTIHAEMORRHAGIC, ANTIBACTERIAL, PROPERTIES, BULB JUICE, ETHANOL, AQUEOUS EXTRACTS, ALLIUM SATIVUM LINN, AGAINST MENINGEAL BACTERIA BY Bajeh Tijani KOKORI, B. Sc BIOCHEM. (BUK) 1998 M.SC./