PARASITOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX AND TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE ISOLATES AND THE EFFICACY OF TRYPANOCIDES IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED YANKASA SHEEP IN NIGERIA.

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dc.contributor.authorOGBAJE, Christopher Igoche
dc.date.accessioned2021-06-02T10:07:59Z
dc.date.available2021-06-02T10:07:59Z
dc.date.issued2014-03
dc.descriptionA DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, NIGERIAen_US
dc.description.abstractBased on reports from farmers of occurrence of relapse infections after treatment of infected livestock with trypanosomosis, a study was conducted to characterize field isolates of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax of Nigeria origin in vitro (PCR) and in vivo (inYankasa Sheep) as well as to assess the efficacy of the commonly used trypanocides (isometamidium chloride, homidium chloride and diaminazene aceturate) at their recommended dosages. A total of 36 Yankasa Sheep of both sexes were acquired from tsetse fly free areas (Karfur) of Kastina state, screened for haemo-, ecto- and endo-parasites, treated for Anaplasma species, coccidia and dewormed and then conditioned in fly-proof pens for two weeks. The animals were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. Two groups were infected intravenously with infected blood of approximately 2.0×106 of Trypanosoma vivax and two other groups were also infected intravenously with blood containing the same number of Trypanosoma congolense. The remaining two groups served as uninfected controls. Of the two each of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense infected groups, one group from each was further divided into three sub-groups of two animals each and each of the sub-groups was treated with different trypanocides 12 days post infection at high parasitaemia. The other infected groups were left untreated. All the animals were monitored for 8 weeks post infection. Pre-patent period of 6 days was recorded for both parasite species. The common clinical signs observed were pyrexia, rough hair coat, emaciation, anorexia, weakness, depression, oedema of the eyelids, ocular discharge, diarrhoea, pale mucous membrane, teeth grinding, central nervous system disorder (only in the Trypanosoma vivax infected animals) and death. The signs were more severe in Trypanosoma vivax infected group. There were decreases in all the haematological indices (PCV= 14.17±0.94 %, Plasma Protein= 4.62 g/dl, WBC= 3.62±0.51× 109/L and weight= 11.00±0.34 kg) and body weights of all the infected groups. Gross pathology of Trypanosoma vivax infected, untreated and infected, treated animals revealed serous atrophy of pericardial fat, focal haemorrhagic area of the right lung, hydropericardium, diffuse pinpoint haemorrhagic areas on the liver and kidney surfaces, empty gall bladder, congestion and hyperemia of the lungs. The Trypanosoma congolense infected untreated and infected treated groups revealed pale carcasses and slight congestion of the liver. Histopathology of the Trypanosoma vivax infected-untreated revealed areas of neuronal degeneration in the brain, haemosiderosis of the spleen, necrotic renal tubule and degeneration of glomerular in the kidney, haemorrhagic congestion of the lungs and thickened alveolar membranes, atrophy and degeneration of the skeletal and cardiac muscles, absence of sperm cells in the epididymis but the Trypanosoma vivax infected and treated animals revealed thickened alveolar membranes, uterine necrosis, glomerular necrosis of the kidney and haemosiderosis of the spleen. All the organs of the uninfected control animals revealed normal structures. The Trypanosoma congolense infected untreated animals revealed necrosis of adrenal glands and pancreas, haemosiderosis of the spleen, pulmonary congestion in the lungs, infiltrative myositis of the skeletal muscle and congestion of the liver. In the infected and treated animals, changes such as necrosis in most of the organs like uterus, kidney and skeletal muscle, haemosiderosis of the spleen and thickened alveolar membranes were noticed. In Trypanosoma vivax infected and teated groups, it was only the group treated with the recommended dosage of homidium chloride that had relapse. Conversely, there were relapse infections in all the Trypanosoma congolense infected treated with all the three trypanocides at their recommended dosages. RAPD-PCR revealed band size of chronic form of the infection that differed from those of the acute and relapse forms of Trypanosoma congolense infections, whereas the band size of the relapse form of the Trypanosoma vivax infection differed from those of acute and chronic forms. Multiplex PCR and Trypanosoma vivax - specific PCR showed that the isolates were Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax at molecular band sizes of 750 bp and 175 bp, respectively. This study revealed torticolis like nervous sign and pathological lesion in the brain of Yankasa Sheep infected with Trypanosoma vivax, occurrence of strains of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense species that form relapse after treatment with the commonly available trypanocides. It also showed that the Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosma congolense used amplified at the same band weights with T. vivax and T. congolense in other geographical areas using the same primers sequence and infection with Trypanosoma vivax is more severe than Trypanosoma congolense infection.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/12382
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectPARASITOLOGICAL,en_US
dc.subjectTRYPANOSOMA VIVAX,en_US
dc.subjectTRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE ISOLATES,en_US
dc.subjectEFFICACY OF TRYPANOCIDES,en_US
dc.subjectEXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED YANKASA SHEEP,en_US
dc.subjectNIGERIA.en_US
dc.titlePARASITOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX AND TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE ISOLATES AND THE EFFICACY OF TRYPANOCIDES IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED YANKASA SHEEP IN NIGERIA.en_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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