STUDIES ON UREAPLASMA SPP OF HUMAN AND CATTLE ORIGIN WITH REFERENCE TO PREVALENCE, CHARACTERIZATION AND PATHOGENICITY IN NIGERIA
STUDIES ON UREAPLASMA SPP OF HUMAN AND CATTLE ORIGIN WITH REFERENCE TO PREVALENCE, CHARACTERIZATION AND PATHOGENICITY IN NIGERIA
| dc.contributor.author | LOMBIN, LAMI HANNATU | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2014-10-14T07:38:18Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2014-10-14T07:38:18Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 1988-10 | |
| dc.description | A Dissertation submitted to Ahmadu Bello University in partial fulfillment for the Degree: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY. ZARIA, NIGERIA. OCTOBER, 1988 | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | A strong association has been reported between the occurrence of Ureaplasma in human and cattle and various infertility problems. In Nigeria, not much has been done to determine the role of these Ureaplasma organisms in urogenital conditions of man and animals. Also the subsequent effect on the livestock industry is not known. This work was therefore designed to determine the prevalence of the organism in human and cattle population. In addition attempts were made to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, study the various serotypes of these organisms and also to establish the pathogenicity of some of the isolates. Five media preparations comprising a conventional urea broth (UB) and four buffered media N-tris (Hydroxymethyl) methyl-2- aminoethane-sulfonic acid (MES), N-2-Hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2- ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), Tris (Hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS), and N-tris (Hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid (TES) buffers were compared for ability to support the growth of human strains of Ureaplasma spp. Swabs from the cervix and urethra of 116 patients attending the sexually transmitted disease clinic with gonococcal and non gonococcal infections were propagated in each of the five media. Moreover, five arginine-supplemented preparations, namely arginine broth, MES, HEPES, TRIS, and TES-supplemented arginine broths and the urea broth (UB) were compared for the detection of Mycoplasma hominis, a mycoplasma frequently encountered in human genital tract. A high recovery rate of U. urealyticum was obtained with the UB which detected 98.3% of the ureaplasmal positive samples. The UB solidified with 1% agar, apart from its suitability for culturing Ureaplasma spp. also compared favourably (100%) with arginine agar (AA) in supporting the growth of M. hominis. Improved viability evident by a higher growth titre, was obtained with HEPES and TRIS buffered media than with the UB. The best growth profile was obtained with the HEPES - buffered medium. Using the UB media, swabs from the cervix or posterior vaginal fornix of 929 women comprising 283 attending the family planning clinic, 100 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic, 500 with various infertility problems attending the gynaecology clinic, and 46 women attending the venereal disease clinic were cultured for U. urealyticum and M. hominis. In addition, urethral swabs from 70 men with gonococcal urethritis were similarly cultured. The recovery rate of U. urealyticum from all the 500 infertility cases was 60% while from the controls (family planning group and pregnant group) the recovery rate was 37%. Amongst venereal disease patients the recovery rate was 51.7%. Data show a strong association between Ureaplasma or mixed Ureaplasma and M. hominis infection and secondary infertility. No relationship was observed between M. hominis infection alone and any of the condition. Two hundred bovine samples consisting of 150 vaginal swabs, 30 preputial swabs and 20 bull semen were also cultured in UB medium and glucose medium (G-medium) for Ureaplasma and mycoplasma-like organisms respectively. The recovery rate of Ureaplasma from these specimens was 70%, 83%, and 65% from vaginal swabs, preputial swabs and semen respectively. Also a recovery rate of 42%, 76% and 30% was obtained for mycoplasma-like organism from the bovine vagina, preputial and semen samples respectively. One hundred and seventy five Ureaplasma isolates consisting of 60 from the family planning group, 50 from the infertility patients and 35 from the sexually transmitted disease patients and also 30 from bovine sources were compared in certain biochemical tests. All strains were phosphatase positive, catalase negative, and did not reduce tetrazolium dye. Weak zones of B-haemolysis were observed with all the strains on UB medium. Ureaplasma were inactivated by their toxic metabolite in broth. When the growth inhibition test was compared with the metabolic inhibition test using 134 human isolates, a high degree of agreement between the two tests was obtained in serotyping the isolates. The growth inhibition test was easier to conduct and was highly specific but lacked sensitivity; the metabolic inhibition test was less specific but was more sensitive. No particular correlation between patient status and serotypes were observed in this study. Overall, serotype 8(15%) was encountered most frequently, followed by serotypes 2(12%) and 4(12%). Other serotypes were encountered in lesser degrees except serotype 7 which was however not encountered in this study. In cattle, 80% of the strains were typed and classified into the existing three groups using only the growth inhibition test.Of 100 bovine isolates typed, 39% were in group A, 33% in group B, and 8% in group C. Eighteen strains of Ureaplasma species consisting of 15 isolated from humans and 3 from bovine sources and one of M. hominis were tested for their responses to various antimicrobial agents. The strains exhibited three susceptibility patterns. Firstly, togamycin, chloramphenicol, and chlorletracycline inhibited the organism at much lower concentrations. A tetracycline resistant strain, STC 145U (serotype 4), was encountered. This strain, however, was highly sensitive to togamycin - a spectinomycin. Secondly, erythromycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin susceptibility pattern was observed. The third susceptibility pattern was that of clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. Clindamycin was generally ineffective (MIC = I500ug/ml) on the Ureaplasma strains, but was highly effective on M. hominis (MIC = 2.9ug/ml). A reverse pattern was observed with erythromycin. No overt differences between human and bovine isolates of Ureaplasma were observed in their general suceptibility to the various antimicrobial agents. The pathogenic potentials of local strains of Ureaplasma BS 2112 from bovine semen and STC 145U, ACC 80, FP 81 obtained from human urogenital tract were compared. The mammary glands of 17 lactating goats were inoculated with these local isolates. Strain differences in the response of the glands were observed. Bovine strain BS 2112 elicited severe mastitic response. The human strain STC 145U caused some degree of clinical mastitis which was resolved by the 14th day post-inoculation. Similar but milder responses were obtained with strains ACC 80 and FP 81. It is concluded that the mammary gland of the Savannah Brown goats can be used to study the pathogenesis of the various Ureaplasma strains. Intravenous inoculation of Ureaplasma strain BS 2112 did not cause any increase in rectal temperatures of the goat. Mild vulvitis was, however, observed a few hours after intravaginal inoculation of the Ureaplasma. Abortion occurred in one of two goats inoculated intravaginally and Ureaplasma was isolated from the genitalia of the doe and from the lungs of the aborted fetus. This study therefore highlights the development of media for Ureaplasma cultivation in this environment, is the first to serotype Ureaplasma specie in Nigeria, and successfully used the goat mammary gland as a pathogenicity marker. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/5466 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.subject | UREAPLASMA, | en_US |
| dc.subject | CATTLE ORIGIN, | en_US |
| dc.subject | PREVALENCE, | en_US |
| dc.subject | CHARACTERIZATION, | en_US |
| dc.subject | PATHOGENICITY | en_US |
| dc.title | STUDIES ON UREAPLASMA SPP OF HUMAN AND CATTLE ORIGIN WITH REFERENCE TO PREVALENCE, CHARACTERIZATION AND PATHOGENICITY IN NIGERIA | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |