EFFECT OF GINGER BY-PRODUCT MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION WITH ENZYME/PALM OIL ON PERFORMANCE, BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKENS
EFFECT OF GINGER BY-PRODUCT MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION WITH ENZYME/PALM OIL ON PERFORMANCE, BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKENS
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Date
2012-11
Authors
DAUDU, OLUREMI
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Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate growth, haematological, histopathological
and carcass characteristics of chickens fed Ginger By-product Meal (GBM) diets
supplemented with enzyme/palm oil. In experiment one, GBM was supplemented with a
multi enzyme preparation (Maxigrain©), using 270 broiler chicks allocated to six experimental
diets (0, 15 and 30% GBM; 0 and 0.01% enzyme) in a completely randomized design for eight
weeks. Birds fed 0% GBM diet performed significantly (p<0.05) better than others.
Maxigrain© enzyme did not improve performance of the birds. Serum Alkaline Phosphatase
(ALP) significantly (p<0.05) increased with enzyme inclusion. The diets had no negative effect
on most of the organs except the intestine where there was sloughing of the micro-villi
caused by GBM and enzyme. In experiment two, 306 broiler chicks were allocated to six
treatments (0, 7.5 and 15% GBM; 0 and 4% palm oil) in CRD. At the starter phase, final weight
and weight gain of birds fed 0 and 15% GBM diets were significantly (p<0.05) greater than
those fed 7.5% GBM diets. Feed to gain ratio significantly (p<0.05) increased with increase in
dietary GBM. Efficiency of feed utilization significantly (p<0.05) increased with addition of
palm oil. At the finisher phase, efficiency of feed utilization decreased (p <0.05) significantly
with increase in GBM. Palm oil had no significant (p>0.05) effect on performance. At week
eight, serum AST was significantly (p<0.05) lower in birds fed 15% GBM diet. Tissue ALT was
significantly (p<0.05) higher in birds fed 15% GBM diet. The abdominal fat content of birds
fed 0% GBM diet was significantly (p>0.05) greater than others. GBM and palm oil can be
included at 7.5% and 4% respectively for starter birds and 15% and 4% respectively for
finisher birds. Experiment three was conducted with 405 broiler chicks allocated to 9 dietary
treatments (0, 7.5 and 15% GBM; 0, 4 and 6% palm oil) in CRD. At starter phase, final weight
and weight gain for birds fed 0% was similar to 7.5 and 15% GBM diets. Feed efficiency of
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birds fed 0 and 7.5% GBM diets were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those fed 15% GBM
diets. Final weight, weight gain and feed to gain ratio of birds fed 0 and 4% palm oil diets
were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those fed 6% palm oil diet. Inclusion of GBM and
palm oil at 7.5 and 4% respectively significantly improved performance. At week 4, the serum
total protein (TP) of birds fed 0 and 15% GBM were significantly (p<0.05) greater than that of
birds fed 7.5% GBM. Birds fed 15% GBM diets had significantly (p<0.05) lower serum ALP.
Addition of 6% palm oil significantly decreased ALP. At the finisher phase, feed to gain ratio
significantly (p<0.05) increased for birds fed 15% GBM diet. The intestinal length and
abdominal fat pad of birds fed 4 and 6% palm oil diets was significantly (p<0.05) greater than
those fed 0% palm oil diet. Haemoglobin concentration of birds fed 4% palm oil was
significantly lower than those fed 6% palm oil. The TP of birds fed 7.5% GBM was significantly
(p<0.05) greater than other birds and significantly (p<0.05) increased with palm oil inclusion.
The diets had no negative effect on most of the organs except the kidney of birds fed 7.5 and
15% GBM diet supplemented with 4% palm oil that showed congestion. Sloughing of the
intestinal micro-villi was observed in all treatments but reduced with palm oil inclusion. The
birds fed the control diet performed better than those fed GBM diets with or without
enzyme, enzyme did not improve the utilization of GBM. Birds fed 7.5% GBM and 4% palm oil
gained more weight than other birds. GBM had no negative effect on the haematological
profile of the birds and liver function enzymes hence it is not harmful. GBM decreased the
cholesterol content of the plasma of birds at the starter phase. GBM reduced abdominal fat
in the carcass. Inclusion of palm oil improved growth performance at the starter phase. Diets
of GBM with either palm oil or enzyme induced histopathological changes in the tissues of
liver, kidney and intestine associated with dysfunction of these organs.
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE POST-GRADUATE SCHOOL, AHMADU
BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA
NOVEMBER, 2012
Keywords
EFFECT,, GINGER,, PRODUCT MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION,, ENZYME/PALM OIL,, PERFORMANCE, BLOOD CHEMISTRY,, HISTOPATHOLOGY,, BROILER CHICKENS.