ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF CABERGOLINE-INDUCED OESTROUS CYCLE, GESTATION AND POSTPARTUM CHANGES; EFFECTS OF INSONATION ON NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS BITCHES AND PUPPIES
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF CABERGOLINE-INDUCED OESTROUS CYCLE, GESTATION AND POSTPARTUM CHANGES; EFFECTS OF INSONATION ON NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS BITCHES AND PUPPIES
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2018-10
Authors
LAWAL, Maruf
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Nine (9) apparently healthy adult Nigerian Indigenous Dogs (NIDs) were used to evaluate the ultrasonographic changes in the genitalia, foeti and neonates in cabergoline-induced oestrous. Sonostar C5® with a 6.5 MHz transcutaneous curve-linear probe was used to scan. All bitches were synchronised using cabergoline at 5μg/ kg body weight per os for twenty days and then mated naturally. At the start of gestation phase, bitches in group A were not insonated again until parturition. The other bitches were insonated once and twice a week for B and C respectively. Ultrasonography of the internal genitalia in bitches revealed that uterine structures were the ones easily visualised once the female was not in season. The baseline haemogram, sera parameters were all within normal limits. The mean time taken from initiation of treatment with cabergoline to onset of proestrus was found to be 15.75 ± 0 .68 days. The ovaries (right and left) started becoming visible. They appeared as roundish structures with isoechoic tissues. The Superoxide dismutase (SOD) ranged from 0.35 to 0.51 μgm /ml, Catalase between 5.71 to 7.12 μmol/min/ml, Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) between 9.47 -12.77 μmol/ml while Malondialdehyde (MDA) between 0.94 - 1.88 μmol/ml. Sonographic pregnancy diagnosis was between days 19-21 post last service and the maximum foetal poles recorded was 8.33 ± 0.67, 9.0 ± 0.58 and 9.0 ± 0.58 for groups A, B and C, respectively. The P4 decreased to 2.32 - 3.60 ng/ml. SOD increased to 1.05 to 1.47 μmol/ml, Catalase 10.11 to 19.12 μmol/ min/ ml, GPX 41.88 to 42.59 μmol/ml and MDA 2.31 to 3.43 μmol/ ml. The mean time for appearance of limb buds was 35.17 ± 0.48 days of gestation. The last structure to appear on ultrasound was the foetal intestines; on day 60.33 ± 0.61. Mean litter was 7. 33 ± 0.67, 6.67 ± 0.67 and 5.33 ± 0.33 puppies/ litter, while mean birth weight was 246.4 ± 8.42, 197.5 ± 11.55 and 189.7 ± 10.21g. The percentage postpartum death was 4.55, 10 and 16.67 % for groups A, B and C respectively. The PCV was reduced to 42.92 ± 1.70, 40.92 ± 1.46 and 37.25 ± 1.57 % for bitches in groups A, B and C respectively, HGB concentration was 14.39 ± 0.55, 13.06 ± 0.80 and 13.68 ± 0.50 for groups A, B and C respectively, Leucocyte count to be 36.50 ± 3.17, 29.75 ± 2.00 and 32.75 ± 2.12 for groups A, B and C. WBC was 8.67 ± 0.87, 9.65 ± 1.11 and 9.13 ± 1.40 for groups A, B and C respectively. The TP was 6.40 ± 0.26, 6.10 ± 0.23 and 5.90 ± 0.16 A, B and C respectively. P4 increased to 6.54 ± 4.94, 45.19 ± 24.51 and 70.50 ± 31.50 ng /ml for groups A, B and C respectively. The concentration of SOD was 1.50 ± 0.124, 1.86 ± 0.21 and 1.90 ± 0.03, Catalase concentration was 26.86 ± 4.09, 27.95 ± 4.33 and 33.91 ± 5.83 μmol /min/ml, GPX was 60.87 ± 3.85, 60.91 ± 5.38 and 76.61 ± 8.98 μmol/ml MDA was 5.05 ± 0.79, 6.28 ± 2.09 and 7.41 ± 1.62 μmol/ml for groups A, B and C respectively. Triiodothyronine had means of 4.34 ± 0.48, 2.49 ± 0.20 and 1.16 ± 0.20 ng/ml and thyroxin with means of 22.84 ± 6.37, 16.16 ± 1.16 and 14.24 ± 2.19 μg/ml for puppies from bitches in groups A, B and C respectively. The concentration of SOD was 0.15 ± 0.05 μg/ ml, 0.25 ± 0.032 μg/ ml 0.63 ± 0.09 μg/ ml, Catalase was 27.03 ± 0.40, 25.11 ± 1.00 and 17.33 ± 5.62 μmol/min/ml, GPX was 74.68 ± 19.33, 71.12 ± 16.66 and 32.03 ± 2.51 μmol/ml while MDA was 10.33 ± 0.96, 7.04 ± 0.69 and 4.78 ± 0.85 μmol/ml for puppies from bitches in groups A, B and C respectively. During the first week postpartum the uterine diameter ranged from 3.510 - 4.51 with a mean of 3.94 ± 0.11 cm. uterine involoution led to a reduction of the diameter by 56.1 % by the third week postpartum. In conclusion, the numerical differences suggest the possibility that ultrasound could cause increased oxidative stress which resulted in intra-uterine growth retardation which lower birth weights especially with multiple insonation.
Description
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
Keywords
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MAPPING,, CABERGOLINE-INDUCED OESTROUS CYCLE,, GESTATION,, POSTPARTUM CHANGES;, EFFECTS,, INSONATION,, NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS BITCHES,, PUPPIES,